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Virus
A cellular infectious agent having either DNA or RNA, causing infections in all organisms.
Virion
The extracellular state of a virus, consisting of a protein coat surrounding nucleic acid.
Capsid
The protein coat that protects viral nucleic acid and aids in host cell attachment.
Nucleocapsid
The combination of nucleic acid and capsid.
Envelope
An outer layer of some viruses composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
dsDNA
Double-stranded DNA, one of the types of viral genomes.
ssDNA
Single-stranded DNA, one of the types of viral genomes.
dsRNA
Double-stranded RNA, one of the types of viral genomes.
ssRNA
Single-stranded RNA, one of the types of viral genomes.
Bacteriophage
A type of virus that infects bacteria.
Lytic replication
A viral replication process that results in the death and lysis of host cells.
Lysogenic replication
A replication process in which the viral genome integrates into the host's genome and remains dormant.
Prophage
A bacteriophage genome that has integrated into the host cell's DNA.
Phage therapy
The use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections.
Latency
A state in which a virus remains dormant in the host cell without causing an active infection.
Oncogenes
Genes that have the potential to cause cancer.
Prion
Infectious agents composed entirely of protein that can cause neurodegenerative diseases.
Viroid
Infectious agents composed of small, circular pieces of RNA that infect plants.
Capsomere
Individual protein subunits that make up the capsid of a virus.
Glycoproteins (spikes)
Viral proteins that aid in attachment to host cells.
Exocytosis
The process by which viruses are released from host cells.
Budding
The process by which enveloped viruses are released from host cells, incorporating parts of the host cell membrane.
Positive-sense ssRNA virus
A virus whose single-stranded RNA can act directly as mRNA.
Negative-sense ssRNA virus
A virus whose single-stranded RNA cannot be directly translated into proteins.
Double-stranded RNA virus
A virus containing double-stranded RNA genome.
Protooncogenes
Normal genes that can become oncogenes when mutated.
