rad

lateral cephalometric

evaluate facial growth and development, trauma, disease and developmental abnormalities; showing lateral bones of face and skull and soft tissues

posteroanterior

evaluate facial growth and development, trauma, disease and developmental abnormalities; shows sinuses, nasal cavity, and orbits

Lateral Jaw, body (mandible) receptor placement

-flat against cheek

-centered over body of mandible

Lateral Jaw, body (mandible) head position

-tipped 15 degrees towards side being imaged

- chin extended and elevated

lateral jaw body beam alignment

- below of mandible

- vertical angulation -15 to -20

Lateral Jaw Ramus of Mandible

evaluate impacted third molars, large lesions, and fractures in ramus

Lateral jaw projection-body of mandible

evaluate impacted teeth, fractures, and lesions in body

lateral jaw projections, ramus of mandible head position

- tipped 15 degrees towards side being imaged

- chin extended and elevated

Lateral jaw projection-ramus of the mandible beam alignment

- posterior to third molar area

- vertical angulation -15 to -20 degrees

posteroanterior projection receptor placement

long axis of receptor is vertical

posteroanterior projections head position

forehead and nose touch receptor

posteroanterior projection beam alignment

centered over receptor

parallel to receptor

lateral cephalometric receptor position

long axis of receptor is horizontal

lateral cephalometric head position

left side of head is near receptor

waters projection receptor placement

long axis of receptor is vertical

waters projection head position

- chin touches receptor

- tip of nose is 1-2 inches away from receptor

submentovertex projection receptor placement

long axis of receptor is vertical

submentovertex projection head position

- head tipped back

- top of head touches receptor

reverse towne projection head position

- head tipped down

- mouth open

- top of forehead touches receptor

transcranial projection receptor placement

-flat against ear

- centered over TMJ

waters projection

evaluate maxillary sinus area; shows sinuses, nasal cavity, and orbits

submentovertex

identify position of the condyles, base of the skull, and evaluate fractures of the zygomatic arch

reverse town projections

identify fractures of the condylar neck and ramus

temporomandibular joint tomography

- glenoid fossa, articular eminence of temporal bones

- condyle of mandible

transcranial projection beam alignment

- 2 inches above and 0.5 behind the ear canal opening

- vertical angulation +25degrees

- horizontal angulation 20 degrees

temporomandibular joint tomography purpose

estimate joint space and evaluate extent of movement of condyle when mouth is open