5.1 The Animal Body

Types of Animal Tissue

• epithelial: lines cavities, open spaces

• connective: connects tissue

• muscle: movement

• nervous: sends electrical signals

Epithelial Tissue

tightly packed cells atop basement membrane

classified by cell shape and numbers of layers of cells

• simple (one layer of cells) vs stratified (multiple layers of cells)

Squamous Epithelia

• irregular shaped cells

• simple: facilitate diffusion

• stratified: protection

Cuboidal Epithelia

• cube shaped

• simple or stratified

• clandular tissues, walls and ducts of tubules

Columnar epithelia

• taller

• simple vs. pseudostratified

Transitional Epithelia

• only in urinary system

• stratified, unfolds for expansion

Connective Tissue

• connect tissues/support body structure

• fibroblasts: primary cell of connective tissue- produces the ECM

Loose Connective Tissue

• fibroblast cells in loose matrix

• surrounds blood vessels and body organs

Dense Connective Tissue

• connects muscle to bone and bone to bone

Cartilage- connective tissue

in matrix of collagen fibers

provides flexible support

Bone- connective tissue

• bone cells in matrix of collagen and minerals

• provides firm support

Adipose Tissue

• lacks fibroblasts and a matrix, few fibers

• insulation and cushoining organs

• store triglycerides

Blood

• plasma: fluid matrix

• red: deliver oxygen to tissue

• white: immune response

• platelets: clotting

Muscle Tissues

• skeletal: voluntary, multinucleated

• Cardiac (heart) /smooth (digestive system): involuntary 

nervous tissue

• neurons generate electrical impulses

Homeostasis

process of maintaining a constant internal state despite changes in external environment

• temp

• blood pressure

• fluid comp

Homeostatic pathways

• steps that reestablish homeostasis if any changes from set point through feedback loops

Acclimatization

• adjustments of the set point for new environment

Negative Feedback Loop

• counteracts change from the set point

• pushes against stimulus

Positive Feedback Loop

• maintains the direction of the stimulus

Endotherm

• constant body temp with narrow range of internal temp

• more energy

ectotherm

• body temp based on environment with wide range of internal temp

• less energy

Heat conservation: insulation

• layer of protection

• fat, fur feather

Heat conservation- shivering

• increasing muscle activity

Vasodilation

increase in blood flow to body surface

heat lost

Vasoconstriction

reduction in blood flow to body surface

heat retained

Bioenergetics

• heterotrophic

• converted to ATP for anabolic reactions

• metabolism produces heat

Energy storage- short term

glycogen in muscles and liver

energy storage long term

adipose in fat cells

Metabolic rate - BMR

basal metabolic rate- amount of energy used in non active state

SMR

• standard metabolic rate

• ectotherms, require less energy

Body Size energy effects

• smaller animals lose heat faster= smaller animals require more energy per body mass to maintain a constant internal temp

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