bio 300 lab real actual from notes

organsimal bio

study of structure / funct/ eco of orgs

taxonomy

organization of systems

photoautotroph

light self food

• energy from light

• gets C from co2

photoheterotroph

energy= light

food= glucose

can process light but needs organic C for food

chemoheterotroph

energy/food from glucose (chemicals)

chemoautotroph

process chemicals and makes its own food from co2

anabaena azollae

endosymbiont of water fern

photoauto

had n fixing heterotrophs

what is the vegatative cell in an anabeana

photosynthetic cell

halobacterium salinarum

photohetero

• uses bacteriohodopsin to harvest light

• consumes amino acids and other org acids for food

extreme halophile = high salt

what is a simple stain

one dye to stain all bacteria

positively charged

what type of bacterial growth is supported on typic soy

everything

• pos control

what type of bacterial growth is supported on MacConkey

gram neg

• if cells turn pink then they metabolize lactose

what type of bacterial growth is supported on Sulfadiazine

resistant bacteria

what type of bacterial growth is supported on tetrecycline

nothing

• neg control

what is the root of a phylo tree

start

what is the node of a phylo tree

branching point

what are protisits

any euk that is not a plant/animal/fungus

what are flagella

tail like extensions made of microtubles

what are cillia

hair like extensions

pseudopods

hydrostatic movement

• channel water, extend body, move

what are the types of locomotion

flagella

cillia

pseuodpods

go with the flow (water)

none

phototaxis

to/away light

chemotaxis

to/away from chemicals

tighmotaxis

to/away from touch

psysarum polycephalum

• amoebozoa supergroup

plasmodia slime mold

• giant cell with lots of nuclei

movemet: chemotaxis and pseudopods

resting state= sclerotium

has decision making ability

what is the psysarms decsion making ability

can chose the quality/quantity of food

remember where its been

find optimal pathways

paramecium

supergroup: alveolates

movement: cillia

unicellular

• easy to see components

heterotroph

why do we care what cellular components look like

more we understand about 1 org more we can understand about others

Euglena

excavates

movement: flagella

unicellular

live in brackish water

faculative heterotroph

• can be heterotroph or can be photosynthetic

trichnoympha

excavates

movement: flagella

unicellular

endosymbiont of termites

• produce cellulose that break down wood in termite guts

no mitochondria

fucus

stramenophiles

movement: sessile (affixed to)

multicellular

brown kelp

• fronds=leaves

• stripe=stem

• holdfast=root

M/F conceptacles

used as dietary supplement / emulsifier

saprolegnia

• how does it get food/energy

• body type

• repro

strmenophiles

movement: none

chemoheterotroph

body mass of hyphae/filaments

produced M/F gametes

cause plant/animal gametes

what is do saprobic fungi eat

dead things

what is do paracitic fungi eat

living things

foraminifera

rhizaria

movement: pseudopods

chemohetero

marine org

biomineralized with CaCo3

• limestone

diatoms

stramenoplies

photoauto

unicellular

aquatic

biomineralized with SiO2

• used to make diatomacious earth

what was the physarum lab recitation experiment

easy vs difficult choice

accuracy and time-decision were measured

what were the results of the physarum lab recitation experiment

sig diff in accuracy in easy vs difficult choice

no sig diff in time-decision in easy vs difficult

speed accuracy trade off in easy treatment

how much o2 is produced by algae

50-70%

what are the characteristics of plants

• plant synapomorphies

cholorphyll a/b

celluosic cell wall

starch storage in cholorplasts

what are the types of plant life cycles

budding

connjugation

gametic mitosis

sporic meisois

alt of gen

what is budding

asexual repro

• mitosis / cloning

what is conjugation

2 cells share DNA via a conjugation tube

what is gametic mitosis

diplood —> haploid —> combine haploids —> diploid again

chlamydaomonas

chlorophyte

movement: motile

unicellular

haploid

lives in freshwater

life cycle

• asexual via mitosis

• sexual vie gametic mitosis

why might an org do sexual repro rather than asexual repro

sexual reproduction will make adaptations

• increase survival?

volvox

movement: motile

chlorophyte

100-1000 haploid cells in a gel matrix

life cycle

• asexual: daughter colonies form inside parent

• sexual: gametes from at the end of the growing season. dormant zygotes undergo mitosis before germination

spirogyra

freshwater green algae

chlorophyte

life cycle:

• asexual: fragmentation of filments

• sexual: conjugation makes thick walled zygotes that overwinter

chara

freshwater

charaphyte

biominerlization of CaCo3 in cell wall

what are some human application of algae

induce autophagy (programmed cell death)→ treat cancer

what is a algal bloom

algae grow expoential and use all the O2

• no o2 kills algae and all other orgs

lots of algae on surface means underwater plants cannot get sunlight

what are the 3 type of nonvacular land plants

liverwort (hepatophyta)

hornwort (anterophyta)

mosses (musci)

how to you maintain/keep water as a nonvascular plant?

shape and specilized structures

• cuticle: waxy covering

• stomata: pores that allow for o2/h2o exchange

• spores

• being short/flat

what are the first plants to colonize land after a natural disaster

nonvascular plants

what is the process of “alt of gen”

1. sporophyte

2. spores

3. gamteophye

4. gamete

5. zygote

what is a sporophyte

2n multicullular adult that makes spores

what is a spore

halpoid single cell that can grow

what is a gametophte

haploid multicellular adult that makes gametes

what is a gamete

haploid that has to fuse with another to grow

what is a zygote

diploid cell that grows into new org

what are mosses/musci

what are their main phase

leafy green nonvascular plant

main phase: gametophyte

sporophyte is not photosynthetic

• forms sporangium

what is the sporangium

diploid organ where meiosis occurs to make haploid spores

liverwort

• repro structures

• main phase

thallus and gemma

main phase: gametophyte

pores on upper surface for gas exchange

life style:

• asexual: gemma cups

• sexual: antherdira and archegonida make sperm/egg

what is the antheridia

• liverwort

chambers in disks on stalk

houses M gametes

break open to allow sperm to swim away or disperse in rain

what is the archegonia

• liverwort

F part of plant

pockets under fingerlike structures on stalks

produces multicell sporophyte when eggs are fertilized

sporophyte is attached and nutritionally dependent on F gametophyte

what is primary growth

UP growth

where can the apical meristem be found

shoot= tips of leaves

roots

what is the axillary bud

where leaf joins to a stem

what are the primary tissues / structures

stem

root

leaves

what are the plant functional groups

dermal: epidermis

vascular: xylem/phloem

ground: everything else

what is xylem

carries water and dissolved ions up stems

cells are dead at maturity and are liginified (supported with ligin)

made of tracheary elements

what are the tracherary elements of xylem called in angiosperms and gymnosperms

angiosperms: vessels

gymnosperms: tracheids

what is phloem

carries sugar

2 cell types:

• sieve

• companion cells

what is a protostele

circle of vasc tissue surrounded by cortex

what is a siphonostele

hollow circle of vascular tissue

• outside of vasc tissue=cortex

• inside hollow circle fo vasc tissue= pith

what is eustele

flower pattern of vacular tissue

inside flower pattern=pith

outside of flower pattern=cortex

what is atocatostele

bundles of xylem/phloem thought cell

• phloem to the outside

what is secondary growth

out growth

what makes the secondary meristem

vascular cambium: between 1 xylem and 1 phloem

cork cambium

what does the vascular cambium generate

new secondary vascular tissues

• 2 xylem= wood

• 2 phloem= grows to interior of cell

is phloem to the inside or outside of the cell

outside

what are seedless vascular plants

• xylem and phloem present?

• secondary growth?

• repro?

• tissue arrangement?

possess xylem and phloem

do not exhibit secondary growth

repro via spores

• sporic meiosis

• alt of gen

tissue arrangement:

• microphills: no leaf gap

• megaphylls: leaf gap

what do true leaves have

megaphylls= leaf gap

lycophytes

• arrangement

• leaf type

• repro

club moss

low growing in shaded envrio

arrangement: protostele

leaves: microphylls

repro via homo strobili

Strobili

spore dispersal structures

• soprophylls: tiny leaves

• sporangia: chamber

can be hetero or homo

what are hetero strobili

makes 2 different spores

• microspores= M

• megaspores= F

what are homo strobili

all spores are identical in size

M/F gametes

leptosporangiate ferns

large shade dwelling

• perfect for spore growth

have true leaves

arrangement of vasc tissue: siphonostele

rhizomes and roots

what are megaphylls

fronds

part of fern leaves

fern leaves

megaphylla=fronds

develop from coiled buds= fiddleheads

can be divided or undivided into pinnae

sporangia on the bottom on the frond can be modified

• sorus

what is a sorus

cluster of sporangia

covered by indusium= protective membrane

what does the hormone anthridogen do

induces male spore development

what happens to the hermaphrodite population as density of spores increases

hermaphrodie proportion decreases

in the ceratopteris experiment was there a significant depature from the phenotype ration of 1 polka dot to 1 wildtype

yes

more wildtypes

what are leaves

principle organ of photosynthesis

what do true leaves have

leaf gap

complex vasculature

lateral shoot bud/ axiallary bud

what is simple leaf complexity

1 leaf to 1 axillary bud

what is complex leaf complexity

1+ leaflets to 1 axillary bud

what are the leaf arrangement types

opposite

alternate

pinnate

palmate

what are the veination types

parrellel

netted