Chapter 6 - Natural Law (Textbook)

Human nature as animal nature

Humans are animals by nature; behavior is influenced by animal instincts, such as self-defense and survival.

Innate traits

Characteristics humans possess from birth, distinct from those learned socially.

Issues with innate traits

The moral implications depend on the nature of traits; if selfishness is innate, selfish actions may seem justified.

Commonality in human nature

The assertion that certain traits or behaviors are shared by all humans, but counter-examples can challenge this claim.

Natural law theory

Philosophical theory suggesting that fulfilling human nature leads to a good life; unnatural actions are deemed immoral.

Objective morality and natural law theory

The idea that morality is grounded in human nature, providing an external standard for moral actions.

Moral agency

The capability of humans to make moral decisions and be held responsible for their actions.

Natural law and religion

The belief that natural law, or human nature, is divinely given, as argued by theorists like Aquinas and Lewis.

Efficiency Model

A view of natural law suggesting that humans' natural purposes are those they perform most efficiently.

Fitness Model

A perspective stating that natural purposes enhance survival and reproduction, although it can justify immoral acts.

Argument from Humanity

A pro-life argument asserting that it is wrong to intentionally kill innocent human beings, including fetuses.