Endterm 1.1

No approved therapeutic claim

As mandated by the FDA, this claim should be present if you were to market your product as a herbal supplement. They do not give safety and toxicological studies. They do not undergo clinical trials

• Compard to vitex negundo and sambong, those are already approved a drug products with enough studies

• Hepatocytes

• Kupffer cells

• Stellate cells

Lobules contain several types of liver cells

• — main functional cells of the liver

• — specialized macrophages

• — cells involved in liver regeneration and fibrosis

Kupffer cells

A life span of RBC's is 120 days, what cells clean the expired RBCs

• zone 1

• zone 3

• zone 2

Acinus involved in the metabolism of nutrients and the detoxification of harmful substances. It has three zones

• — is closest to the entry of blood

• — abuts the terminal hepatic vein

• — is intermediate.

• Protein synthesis inhibition

• Cellular membrane disrpution

• Mitochondrial function interference

Mechanism of Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury

• Direct hepatotoxicity: Toxicants can directly damage hepatocytes (liver cells), leading to hepatocellular injury. This can occur through various mechanisms, including:

Valproic acid

Certain toxicants can damage mitochondria, leading to fatty liver disease

• — is an example of a toxicant that can cause mitochondrial injury by inhibiting mitochondrial betaoxidation, leading to fat accumulation in the liver. Fatty liver leads sto hepatic cirrhosis

Amiodarone

Certain toxicants can damage mitochondria, leading to fatty liver disease

• —, a medication used to treat heart arrhythmias, can also cause mitochondrial injury and fatty liver disease

Tetracycline

Certain toxicants can damage mitochondria, leading to fatty liver disease

• —, an antibiotic, can cause fatty liver disease by interfering with mitochondrial protein synthesis.

Oxidative stress

Mechanism of Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury

• — occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to detoxify them. This can lead to liver injury through cholestasis, which is the impaired flow of bile from the liver to the intestines

• hepatic fibrosis

Mechanism of Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury

• Inflammation occurs when the immune system responds to injury or infection. Chronic inflammation can lead to —, which is the formation of scar tissue in the liver.

Alcohol

— is a well-known example of a toxicant that can cause liver inflammation and fibrosis through chronic use.

B, C, and D

Mechanism of Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury

• Immune-Mediated Injury: The immune system can also cause liver injury through an autoimmune response or by attacking liver cells infected with viruses. Hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis — can cause liver inflammation and cirrhosis.

• Chronic inflammation, meaning leading to cirrhosis. Hepatitis A is not a developing hepatitis (treatable)

• Autoimmune hepatitis

• Wilson's disease and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

• — is a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks liver cells, leading to chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis.

• — are genetic disorders that can also cause immune-mediated liver injury.

Steatosis (fatty liver disease)

It occurs when there is an accumulation of fat in the liver. Alcohol is a well-known example of a toxicant that can cause this through chronic use.

Necrosis

— is a type of cell death that occurs when cells are exposed to extreme stress or toxins.

Aflatoxin B1

—, a toxin produced by certain strains of Aspergillus fungus, can cause necrosis and liver cancer. Can be found in peanuts that are improperly dried. They can culture aspergillus fungus. .

• Direct hepatotoxicity

• Mitochondrial injury

• Oxidative stress

• Inflammation

• Immune mediated injury

• Steatosis

• Necrosis

Mechanism of Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury

• Nutritional homeostasis

• Filtration of particulates

• Protein synthesis

• Bioactivation and detoxification

• Formation of bile and biliary secretion

• Diclofenac (analgesic)

• Halothane (anesthetic)

• Nitrofurantoin (antibiotic)

• Phenytoin (anticonvulsant)

• Tienillic acid (diuretic)

Drugs that can cause immune mediated (allergic) idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity

• Amiodarone

• Bromfenac

• Diclofenac

• Disulfiram

• Isoniazid

• Ketoconazole

• Rifampin

• Troglitazone

• Valproate

Drugs that can cause nonimmune mediated (nonallergic) idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity

Afferent

Efferent

- to go inside

- to go outside

• Afferent arteriolar constriction

• Obstruction

• Back leak

Mechanisms of reduction of the GFR

• Adequate blood flow to the glomerulus

• Afferent arteriolar pressure

• Glomerular permeability

• Low intratubulta pressure

GFR depends on 4 factors:

Afferent arteirolar constriction

— decreases GFR by reducing blood flow, resulting in diminished capillary pressure

Obstruction

— — of the tubular lumen by cast formation increases tubular pressure. When tubular pressure exceeds glomerular capillary pressure, filtration decreases or ceases

Back leak

— occurs when the paracellular space between cells increases and the glomerular filtrate leaks into the extracellular space and bloodstream.

Recall

Answer recall

Nephron

It is the functional unit of the kidney

Recall

Answer recall

Recall

Answer recall

• Oncosis

• Apoptosis

Terminally injured cell undergo cell death through —

True

True or false

• Cells injured sublethally undergo repair and adaptation in response to the nehrotoxicant

Acute irritation

This mechanism of toxicity occurs when a toxicant causes irritation to the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath

• What irritation is typically reversible once the exposure to the toxicant is stopped?

• Ammonia

• Chlorine

• Formaldehyde

Examples of toxicants that can cause irritation in the respiratory system include:

Acute inflammation

This mechanism of toxicity occurs when a toxicant causes inflammation in the respiratory tract, leading to acute or chronic respiratory problems.

• What inflammation can cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness?

Chronic inflammation

This mechanism of toxicity occurs when a toxicant causes inflammation in the respiratory tract, leading to acute or chronic respiratory problems

• What inflammation can lead to scarring and permanent damage to the lungs?

• Silica

• Asbestos

• Tobacco smoke

Examples of toxicants that can cause inflammation in the respiratory system include

Pulmonary edema

This mechanism of toxicity occurs when a toxicant causes fluid buildup in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Severe cases can be lifethreatening.

• Cyanide

• Chlorine

• phosgene

Examples of toxicants that can cause pulmonary edema include:

Bronchoconstriction

This mechanism of toxicity occurs when a toxicant causes the muscles in the airways to contract, leading to the narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing. This can cause symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath

• Sulfur dioxide

• Ozone

• Diesel exhaust

• Nicotine

Examples of toxicants that can cause bronchoconstriction include:

Pulmonary fibrosis

This mechanism of toxicity occurs when a toxicant causes scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, leading to permanent damage and reduced lung function. This can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath and chronic cough

• Asbestos

• Silica

• Beryllium

Examples of toxicants that can cause pulmonary fibrosis include

Carcinogenesis

This mechanism of toxicity occurs when a toxicant causes damage to the DNA in the cells of the respiratory tract, leading to the development of cancer. This can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing

• Radon

• Benzene

• Vinyl chloride

Examples of toxicants that can cause carcinogenesis in the respiratory system include