2-6 Cultural social and interpersonal Factors

Psychology

What are Fright Disorders?

Characterized by exaggerated startle responses and other observable fear and anxiety reactions

What is Susto?

Fright disorder

• anxiety based symptoms in latin America of insomnia, irritability, phobias, and the marked somatic symptoms of sweating and increased heart rate

• caused of an individual believing that he or she has become the object of black magic or witchcraft and suddenly badly frightened and in some cultures called the evil eye

• can be fatal

What does cannon look at?

the hatian phenomenon of voodoo dealth and suggested that the sentence of death by a medicine man may create an intolerable autonomic arousal in the participant who has little ability to cope because no social support

• family assume death already occured

• leads to internal organ damage and death

How does cultural aspects influence the form and content of psychopathology?

May differ among cultures side by side in the same country as Jewish children have less fears that bedouin children bc bedouin children were family focused and feared the break apart of their family and jewish children emphasize individuality and autonomy

What does gender do for psychopathology?

the likelihood of having a particular phobia is influenced by your gender

• 90 percent of people that fear insects are women

• But, social phobia strong enough to keep someone from attending parties affects men and women more or less equally but for different reasons

Believe gender roles have to do with it

• IE its not always acceptable for men to show fear thus may be why less insect phobia but more acceptable to by shy do ok to show social discomfort

What do men do with genderoles?

to avoid of lessen panic attack, men may drink alcohol and leads to alcoholism which affects moroe males than females

How do males and females respond to treatment?

Women and men respond differently

• for PTSD after exposure therapy both benefitied but women maintained gains better than men and suggests women recall emotional memories better than men and may help emotional processing and treatment gains

How do females differ than males in ED?

ED amost entirely in females bc of cultural thinnes and pressures for males to be thiin is less apparent and those who do are gay mostly

What did taylor find?

women “tend to befriend”

• protect themselves and young through nurturing behavior and forming alliances with larger social groups particular other females

• it builds on the brains attachment caregiving system and leads to nurturing and affiliative behavior

• charcterized by identifiable neurobiological processes in the brain that are gender specific

How do social relationships effect health and behavior?

• the more social relationships, the longer you are likely to live

• the lower your score on social index, the shorter your life expectancy

• social relationships seem to protect individuals against many physical and psychological disorders such as high, depression, alcoholism, arthritis, AIDS, and bearing low weight babies

• depression for those who live alone 80 percent higher

• social isolation increases the risk of death about as much as smoking cigs and more than obseity

• not the number of social contacts but perception of loneliness

What id Cohen, Doyle, Skoner, Rabin, and Gwaltney do?

exposed participants to viruses and quaranteened for a weak and measured the extent of participations in the 12 social relationships as well as other factors for increasing suceptability and found greater extent of social ties, the smaller chance of catching a cold

• those with fewest ties, 4 times more likely to get sick even including pets

What did monkeys show for this?

When monkeys divided into socially dominant of submissive , amphetamine increased dominant behaviors in primates high in social hierarchy and submissive in those low in hierarchy and thus the effects of the biological factor, on physiological characteristics was uninterpretable unless the social context considered

How do social relationships thought to have such profound impact on physical and physiological characteristics

some think

• interpersonal relationships give meaning and when people have stuff to live for can overcome physcial deficiencies and delay death

  • partners dying close to one another

• social relationships faciliate health-promoting behaviors like not using alcohol and drugs, etc

What could be seen wit the Israeli residents evacuated as part of peace negotiations?

• believe oneself embedded firmly in a social contect was just as important as having a social network

• poor long term adjustments was best predicted in those who perceived that their social network was disintegrating regardless of whether it was

How does rural or urban areas dictate?

may impact risk of developing schizophrenia

• David, lewis, Andreasson, and Allsbeck found 38 percent higher in men raised in cities than rural

How do cutlures impact how different psychological disorders look?

All cultures have psycholigcal disorders but they may look different from one to another because of symptoms strongly influenced by socail and interpersonal contect

How does social and interpersonal influence elderly

Grant, Patterson, and Yager

• elderly with less social support from relative have higher consistently levels of depresson and more unsatisfactory of quality of life

• became physically ill but those with more support did not

  • may be advantageous to become ill because it allows them to reestablish social support

Do mental disorders have social stigma?

yes

• often a patient with psychological disorders does not seek heal insurance reimbursement for fear of a coworker learning

• less social support leads to less chance of full recovery and greater risk of suicide

What did the WHO find about mental disorder?

Account of 13 percent of the global burden of disease

In the Us 200000 mental health professionals served 300 mil and still 1/3 people never recieve treatment

What is behavior and mental health problems exacerbated by?

Politcal strife, technological change, and massive movements from rural to urban areas

• 10-20 percent of all primary medical services in poor countries are sought by partiens with psychological disorders (anxiety and mood disorders) as well as alcoholism, drug abusee, and Child developmental disorders

  • treatments cant be administered in countries where mental health care limited

How do social and cultural factors maintain disorders?

Most societies have not yet developed the social context for alleviating and preventing them

What cognitive bias do we tend to have?

“ the end of history” illusion that makes us think that we will change very liitle in the years to come

• but to understand psychopathology, we must appreciate how experiences during different periods may influence out vulnerability to other types of stress or to differing psychological disorders

Important changes occur at all points in life

What does Erik Erikson suggest?

suggests we go through eight major crises during out lives each determined by our biological maturation and the social demand made at particular times

• different from freud who envisioned no developmental stages beyond adolescence, Eric believed we grow and change beyond 65.

though not supported by research, illustrates the comprehensive approach to human development advocated by life-span developmentalists

• Kolb Gibb and Gorney proved that animals had different effects on brains depending on developmental stage

  • stimulating environment can affect brain function in a positive way at any stage

  • disorders at any stage can be delayed or slowed through enriched environemnts even prenatal

  • recieved conformation from life-span developmental psychologist Laura Carstensen

How do depressive drugs work in kids compared to adults?

for kids, they do ot revie the samem benefit from antidepressants as do adults and for many these drugs pose risks that are not present in adults

• also depression rates about the same in women and men until puberty where it becomes more common in women

What is the principle of equifinality?

used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome ( behavior or disorder may have several causes)

• Ie: schizophrenia, delirium, autism

Different paths or euifinality can also result from what?

the interaction of psychological and biological factors during various stages of development

• how someone copes with impairment resulting from physcial cause may have a prfound effect on that persons overall functioning

  • people with documented brain damage of equal severity may have different levels of disorder

    • those with healthy systems of support and highly adapitve personailty may experience only mild behavior and cognitive disturbance despite physical pathology

How should you study a disorder?

look at those who display the disorder but also study people i similar situations who are not depressed

• IE resilient children study which suggests that social factors may protect some children from being hurt by stressful experiences. the presence of the caring adult friend or relative can offset the negative stress along with childs own ability to cope. also biological differences in responsiveness to trauma and stress as result of protective factors such as social support or strong meaning of life