Histology: Cellular Composition

What are the two types of human cells?

Sex cells (gametes) and body cells (somatic).

What are the three principles of cell theory?

1. All living organisms are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.

3. All cells come from other cells.

How do somatic cells multiply?

They divide to reproduce similar cells.

How do sex cells multiply?

They divide and combine with others.

How many types of somatic cells are there?

About 200.

What are the two major components of the cell?

The cell membrane and the cytoplasm.

What makes up the cytoplasm?

Cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

What are inclusions?

Non-living material inside a cell.

What are characteristics of the plasma membrane?

It is very thin, is double-layered with phospholipids and proteins, separates the cell from the environment, and is semipermeable.

What are organelles?

Cell machinery.

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

The nuclear envelope.

What are components of the nuclear envelope?

It has pores, separates the nucleus, and has a double membrane.

What does the nucleolus do?

Produces ribosomes.

What tissue can you clearly see the nucleolus in?

Nervous tissue.

What are characteristics of ribosomes?

They produce proteins, live free in the cytoplasm, and can be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

It contains ribosomes and modifies proteins.

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

It synthesizes phospholipids, helps detoxify, and produces sterols.

What does the golgi apparatus do?

Packages the proteins.

What does the golgi apparatus produce?

Secretory vesicles like lysosomes and peroxisomes.

What are lysosomes?

Vesicles produced by the golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes.

What are peroxisomes?

They contain oxidizing enzymes and detoxify some poisons.

What are the energy producing organelles?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria.

What are chloroplasts composed of?

Stroma, granum, thylakoid, and inner and outer membranes.

What are vacoules?

Membrane bound storage.

What is the cytoskeleton?

It is the filament support network made of three filament types.

What is filament made of?

Actin.

What are the three filament types?

What are centrioles?

They appear for cell division.

What are cilia and flagella?

They are made of microtubules and allow for movement.