APES Unit 3 - Populations Diagram | Quizlet

population density

number of individuals per unit of area

population dispersal

movement of individuals between populations

uniform dispersal

evenly distributed

random dispersal

randomly arranged

clumped dispersal

aggregation

clumping behavior of insects

TERM

Population Change

DEFINITION

(b + i) - (d + e)

biotic potential (intrinsic rate of increase)

maximum rate at which a population can increase under ideal conditions

environmental resistance

combination of factors that prevent populations from reproducing at max rate

carrying capacity (K)

most limiting factor of a population

survivorship

probability that an individual survives at a certain age

r-selected

type III reproductive strategy

- large number of offspring

- small body size

- fast maturation

- short lifespan

k-selected

type I reproductive strategy

- small number of offspring

- large body size

- slow maturation

- long lifespan

density-dependent factor

limiting factor that is affected by population size

density-independent factor

limiting factor that is not affected by population size

zero population growth

birth rate = death rate

infant mortality rate (IMR)

number of infant deaths per 1000 births

doubling time

number of years it will take for a population to double = 70%/population growth rate (%) - RULE OF 70

replacement level fertility

number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1)

total fertility rate (TFR)

average number of children born to each woman

demographics

distribution of human population groups

TERM

pre-industrial stage

DEFINITION

- b and d are very high, oscillate

- population grows at a modest rate

TERM

transitional stage

DEFINITION

- d decreases

- b still high

- causes a boom in population

TERM

industrial stage

DEFINITION

- b starts decreasing

- d still decreases

TERM

postindustrial stage

DEFINITION

- b decreases

- d levels off

- population oscillates and levels off

ecological footprint

measure of human impact, amount of land (hectares) required to sustain a person for a year

TERM

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

DEFINITION

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

TERM

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

DEFINITION

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

TERM

population momentum

DEFINITION

continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented

TERM

demographic transition model

DEFINITION

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

age structure diagram

graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a population

Rule of 70

to find doubling time of pop, divide 70 by the percent of growth

limiting factor

An environmental factor that prevents a population from increasing

life expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live

exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

Logisitic growth

Growth of a population which may be rapid at first, but then levels off at carrying capacity due to limited resources (S-curve)

dieback or population crash

When population suffers a sharp decline, unless the excess individuals can switch to new resources or move to an area that has more resources.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage of annual growth in a population excluding migration.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

emigration

movement of individuals out of a population

economic development

improvement of human living standards by economic growth

Population sampling techniques

Visual survey (direct survey and indirect survey) quadrats, radio telemetry, Mark-recapture, probability sampling

mark-recapture method

A sampling technique used to estimate the size of animal populations.

GDP per capita

Gross domestic product divided by the number of people in the population.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total output of all economic activity in the nation, including goods and services.

generalist species

Species with a broad ecological niche. They can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. Examples are flies, cockroaches, mice, rats, and human beings. Compare specialist species.

specialist species

Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food.

invasive species

species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats

growth rate (r)

[(b+i) - (d+e)]/population X 100

OR

(CBR - CDR)/10