Chapter 8: Water and Minerals

If a woman who drinks a cup of decaffeinated coffee in the morning, a cup of fruit juice with lunch, 6 cups of water throughout the day and a cup of tea at bedtime, her fluid intake would be considered

a. dangerously low

b. below optimal

c. optimal

d. too high

C

Having only softened tap water at home would be of most concern to a(n)

a. pregnant woman

b. full-time student who also work part-time

c. elderly woman with osteoporosis

d. retired man with hypertension

D

Interstitial fluid is the body fluid

a. within the cells

b. outside the cells

c. between the cells

d. in the bloodstream

C

Dehydration is most likely to have a negative effect on

a. digestion of food

b. storage of excess energy

c. nerve impulse conduction

d. body temperature regulation

D

It would be most difficult for the body to maintain homeostasis if over several days someone had an inadequate intake of

a. calcium

b. sodium

c. iron

d. fluoride

B

If an athlete ran a marathon, sweated profusely, and drank only water with some sugar to replace fluids and carbohydrate, his or her body would increase secretion of

a. adrenaline

b. aldosterone

c. alanine

d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

B

If a patient complained of muscle weakness, confusion, decreased appetite, and irregular heartbeat, it would be important to check blood levels of

a. sodium

b. calcium

c. potassium

d. magnesium

C

In an older adult who is usually very alert, disorientation may be a sign of

a. iron deficiency

b. malnutrition

c. edema

d. dehydration

D

If an elderly client who lives alone and has a limited income has edema, it would be important to evaluate his or her dietary intake of sodium and

a. protein

b. calcium

c. chloride

d. potassium

A

The term bioavailability means the

a. total amount of a mineral in a food.

b. ratio of free mineral to bound mineral in a food.

c. amount of a mineral that is excreted by the body.

d. amount of a mineral that can be absorbed by the body from a food.

D

Long-term dietary calcium intake has the greatest effect on

a. body temperature

b. muscular strength

c. bone calcium levels

d. blood calcium levels

C

If people want to maximize their absorption of calcium, they should avoid drinking

a. tea

b. milk

c. orange juice

d. bottled water

A

Lifestyle changes that may help prevent development of osteoporosis include

a. reducing intake of animal protein.

b. eating a piece of fruit with lunch every day.

c. taking a daily multivitamin supplement with adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D.

d. taking a 30-minute walk most days.

D

An example of a food with high levels of phosphorus is

a. rice

b. carrots

c. cheese

d. bananas

C

A good source of calcium for someone who follows a strict vegetarian (i.e., vegan) diet would be

a. coconut milk

b. a bean burrito

c. skim milk

d. pasta salad

B

Secondary magnesium deficiency is most likely to occur in

a. areas where access to fresh fruits and vegetables is limited.

b. clients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

c. association with excessive vomiting and diarrhea.

d. association with dehydration attributable to heat exposure.

C

Of the following, the food choice that contains the least sodium is

a. cornbread

b. corn tortilla

c. corn on the cob

d. buttered popcorn

C

A sodium intake of 2100 mg daily by a healthy adult would be considered

a. below the adequate intake (AI).

b. within the recommended range.

c. below the maximum recommended level.

d. above the maximum recommended level.

C

A family with three young children has limited income, relies on public transportation, and has just moved into a very old apartment complex with old plumbing and lead pipes. The best recommendation to minimize lead exposure would be to

a. use only bottled water.

b. run the tap water for 2 minutes before using it.

c. boil the tap water for 2 minutes before using it.

d. use only hot water for drinking, cooking, and preparing food.

B

If someone took a 6-hour car ride in an air-conditioned vehicle without making any bathroom stops, they weigh less at the end of the trip than at the beginning because

a. of insensible fluid losses from the skin and lungs.

b. body fat stores would be metabolized for energy.

c. muscle mass would be lost.

d. fluid would be lost through sweating.

A

The main reason that young women require more dietary iron than young men is

a. that they absorb iron less efficiently.

b. to compensate for their lower muscle mass.

c. to replace blood losses during menstruation.

d. that they recycle hemoglobin more rapidly.

C

The most easily absorbed form of iron is found in

a. a grilled pork chop.

b. tomatoes cooked in an iron skillet.

c. collard greens cooked with bacon.

d. spinach salad with strawberries.

A

The first signal that the body needs fluid is

a. dark, concentrated urine

b. the sensation of hunger

c. the sensation of thirst

d. headache

C

Hemosiderosis, storage of too much iron in the body, is most likely to occur in a(n)

a. man who drinks five or more alcoholic beverages every night.

b. adolescent who drinks four or more soft drinks daily.

c. toddler who prefers drinking milk to eating meals.

d. pregnant woman who takes iron supplements.

A

In countries where the staple food source is unleavened bread made from whole grains, zinc deficiency may be prevented by eating

a. refines grains

b. breads with yeast

c. fortified grains

d. bread in which the grains were soaked before being baked

B

The most reliable source of iodine in the United States is

a. seafood

b. dairy products

c. fortified table salt

d. residues of cleaning products

C

A client feels constantly tired even though she is getting 8 hours of sleep each night, and she is gaining about 2 lbs a month even though she has not changed her eating habits. You discover that she eats only organic and natural foods and avoids anything that is fortified. She may have a deficiency of

a. iron

b. zinc

c. potassium

d. iodine

D

Dietary fluoride is important for

a. decreasing staining of teeth.

b. decreasing sensitivity of teeth.

c. stimulating production of saliva.

d. increasing the strength of tooth enamel.

D

Measuring the amount of a mineral in a plant food may not necessarily indicate whether it is a valuable dietary source of that mineral because

a. plant foods contain phytates, oxalates, and binders that reduce bioavailability.

b. plant foods require cooking or processing to make minerals bioavailable.

c. plants often contain inactive forms of minerals.

d. the amount of minerals in plants varies widely, depending on growing conditions.

A

Wilsons disease is an inherited disorder that causes excessive accumulation of

a. iron

b. zinc

c. copper

d. chromium

C

A good dietary source of chromium is

a. pasta

b. grapes

c. oatmeal

d. cauliflower

C

Apart from lowering dietary sodium intake, a dietary change that is most likely to help decrease high blood pressure levels is

a. decreasing intake of dairy products.

b. increasing intake of vegetable protein.

c. increasing intake of calcium and potassium.

d. replacing saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats.

C

A wife who blames her high blood pressure on her husbands preference for salty foods is an example of

a. denial

b. chaining

c. reframing

d. projection

D