ASAM EXAM 2

4 cultural themes of AAPI values

collectivism, relational orientation, familism, family obligation

Ecological Systems Theory

• Bronfenbremmer

• Microsystems: individual interactions with immediate family/environment

• Mesosystems: linkages between immediate family and outside settings and people (e.g parent teacher conference)

• Ecosystems; factors that don’t directly include the child but indirectly influences (e.g traveling father/mother)

• Macrosystems: broader societal,cultural,economic, political environment

• Chronosystems: transition and shifts in one’s lifespan

authoritative parenting style

parent gives child independence, collaborative, place boundaries, open communication, nurturing, loving (most beneficial)

authoritarian parenting style

strict, punishment based parenting (e.g helicopter parenting)

permissive parenting style

full range of freedom given to child, no punishment

neglectful parenting style

physically or emotionally uninvolved parent by choice or circumstance

how does culture influence parenting style?

the collectivism in A.A culture presents parental warmth and responsiveness through investment, devotion, and sacrifice for children

• authoritarian style is associated with beneficial outcomes for AA families

• adherence to this results in shame, guilt, poor mental health, and discipline

racial socialization experiences

• parents need to teach their children about their own native culture and about the dominant culture and about racism and prejudice

• REASONS FOR LACK OF SUPPORT:

• parents may be struggling with their own adjustment issues

• parents may be unaware of the potential racism their children will face

• parents may not know how to talk about or handle racism/discrimmination

traditional AAPI families

• adhere to clearly defined positions in the patriarchal hierarchy based on age gender and birth order

• mainly speak native language

• highly collectivistic

assimilated AAPI families

• live according to mainstream values

• adopt individualistic and egalitarian orientation

• generally speak english

• relinquish cultural identities, values, and traditions

bicultural AAPI families

• rapid acculturation of children may lead to growing value differences and tensions

• speak both native language and english

• creates imbalance in hierarchy but can also serve as motivational change in family dynamic

1.5 generation dilemma

• bicultural members

• proficient in both english and native

• children who grew up in america for majority of their life but still have strong ties to home

parachute children

• minors immigrating alone to use countries

• immigrate at a much younger age, sent by parents, and obtain primary and/or secondary education without parental supervision

• reasons: education, uncertain politics, status, planned immigration process, english proficiency, and job success

• face issues like behavioral problems, financial burdens, school, chores. identity formation, maintaining parental relations, abandonment

older families and caretaking

• might be easier for caregivers to admit ailments rather than emotional difficulties in caring for elderly family members

approach to AA family therapy

• resolution of problems through negotiation and medication while remaining non confrontational

• meet with individuals first

• understand the hierarchy

• address members with equal respect

• understand harmony & peace etc.

intermarriage patterns

• majority of AA marry intraethnically (same ethnicity)

• acculturation is directly related to interethnic relationships (different ethnicities, out marrying) + third generation out married the second and the second out married the first

• AA are out marrying at higher rates

• AA women out marry at higher rates than AA men

• stronger ethnic identity = less likely to interracially date/marry

influencing factors on interracial relationships

antimiscegenation laws: prohibited interracial relationships and marriage

• repealed in 1967 in violation of fourteenth amendment of equal protection

arranged marriage stressors

• conflicts with extended family and in-laws

• societal expectations

• strong gendered roles

• therapy approaches: do not make assumptions about each others racial backgrounds

media stereotypes for AA men

• invisible man

• not having the central role

• having a strong accent

• perpetual foreigner

masculinity myth

• dominant form of masculinity

• carries contradictory and inconsistent expectations for men and consequences for men who either live or don’t live up to that

• men should be aggressive daring or visibly strong

• men should not have any feminine presenting traits or interests

elements of gender role conflict

• success, power, and competition (SPC)

• restrictive emotionally (RE)

• restrictive affectionate behavior between men (RABBM)

• conflict between work and family (CWF)

minority identity development model

• conformity

• dissonance

• resistance immersion

• introspection

• integrative awareness

conformity

• relate to dominant group

• adopt hegemonic attitudes (legitimizes a man’s dominant position in society)

• ashamed of being asian

• unaware of overt/covert racism

dissonance

• realization to that he isn’t fully accepted by society

• awareness of racism and oppression of ethnic minorities

• aware of own prejudices and stereotypical attitudes toward other Asians

• might establishes first close relationship with a fellow AA

• might become aware of overcompensation of masculine notions

• left in an ambiguous state

resistance immersion

• individual’s reference group shifts

• becomes completely immersed in AA culture (although superficially)

• adhering to more traditional roles

• bitterness towards the majority group

introspection

• reflection and understanding what it means to be Asian

• reassess his feelings towards people of the majority group

• attempting to balance, negotiate, and become more flexible regarding notion of masculinity

integrative awareness

• positive notion of what it means to be AA

• feels comfortable with new identity

• negative feelings subside towards majority group

• still exploring issues of racism and masculinity faced by AA men

• redefining and developing new progressive form of nonhegemonic masculinity

asianized attribution

the process when certain attributes or characteristics of AA adhere to an evaluators schema or stereotypical notions

(negatively evaluated)

(e.g AA male attributes: polite modest agreeable grateful but the evaluator has preconceived notions and perceives them as negative/“too this , too that”)

transgressive attribution

process in which attribution of AA individual are incongruent/do not match with the evaluators stereotypic notions

(negatively interpreted)

• doesn’t match the evaluators preconceived notions so it gets negatively interpreted

therapeutic approach w/ AA men

culturally appropriate approaches of assessment and treatment that allow for saving face in personal and professional life

• understand how AA males express and cope with distress

• ask self reflection questions about masculinity and saving face

• understand AA cultural conflicts that exist

“A Different Outlook”

• AA men are thriving and voices are stronger

• they are developing psychologically healthy and flexible identities

• not adhering to gender roles and masculinity norms

• developing nonhegemonic masculinities

• important to construct an ambiguous model of masculinity in order to counter the hegemonic model

the women’s role

• role is to serve and honor men in patriarchal hierarchy

• 3 obediences

3 obediences

• honor father

• submit to husband

• indulgence to the son

dual standard

• important to display wisdom and genes

• be successful but not as much as the man

• career cannot trump family

• women cannot be TOO educated (reduce her feminine attributes, lower marriage opportunities, fear of career trumping family)

racial and feminist identity development downing & roush 1985

• passive acceptance

• revelation

• embeddedness-emanation

• synthesis

• active commitment

passive acceptance

• denial of sexism

• acceptance of transitional roles

• no awareness

revelation

• instances of discrimination get difficult to ignore

• realizes she has to recognize and/or trust her observation

embeddedness-emanation

• “discovery of sisterhood”

• development of gender curiousness

• acknowledges loss of self due to transitional roles

synthesis

• recognize positive aspects of being female

• positive self concept

• independent decision making overlooking traditional gender role expectation

• autonomy

active commitment

using well integrated identity to bring societal change

domestic violence

• pattens of repeated abuse

• physical

• emotional

• sexual

• financial

• digital

• thrives on power dynamic

cycle of abuse

tension → abusive incident → honey moon phase

• acute/crisis phase: when the incident actually takes place

cultural contributing factors

• patriarchy

• women must allocate housecleaning/chores

• collectivism

• divorce stigma

societal contributing factors

• immigration/acculturation stressors

• language barriers

• limited economic resources

• social isolation

individual/familial contributing factors

• immigration history and trauma

• child abuse

• witnessing abuse/normalizing it

• marital dissatisfaction

• in-law conflicts

risk & reporting

incidents go unreported due to:

• fear of jeopardizing financial dependence

• not making personal issues public

• self blame

deciding factors of reporting

• severity of violence

• perceived sense of self efficacy

• availability of socioeconomic resources

• social support

therapy assistance

• limited research results in difficulty examining dv in Asian communities (prevalence rates, attitudes, & cultural/social aspects

• PCPs are the first line of care and support

• beneficial to use specific culture focused questions during clinical assessments