Chemistry of life

Monosaccharides

simple sugars

polarity

polar covalent bonds by unequal sharing

cohesion

attraction of moles of the same kind

cohesion on an xylem of leaf

stick together

adhesion on xylem of leaf

stick to wall

adhesion

the attraction to other polar molecule

capillary action

the upward movement of water

high specific heat

water resists changes in temperature

importance of high specific heat

benefits marine life

density

as water solidifies it expands

solvent

dissolving agent

solution

mix of 2+ solutions

solute

dissolved agent

ph and buffering

ph measures how acidic a solution is

how many covalent bonds can carbon form

single double or triple

carbon chains

carbon uses it valence electrons to form covalent bonds

functional groups

chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton

monomer

repeating single unit that makes up polymers

dehydration reaction

bonds with loss of water

hydrolysis

breaks bonds with adding of water

dissachharides

two monosaccharides joined together

protein

molecule consisting of polypeptides folded into a 3D shape

differences between DNA and RNA

contain t, u

single and two stranded

ribose and deoxyribose

similarities between DNA and RNA

contain a, g, c

both are nucleic acids

both have nucleotides

draw a phospholipid

C binds to G

cars in garage

A binds to T

apples in tree

where is the phospholipid located

cell membrane

nucleic acid

polymers made of nucleotide monomers

monomers of nucleic acid

nucleotides

pyrimidines

one ring 6 atoms

purines

two rings with 11 atoms

in sugar DNA is

deoxyribose

in sugar RNA is

ribose

deoxyribose

H

ribose

OH

DNA

consists of two polynucleotides

RNA

single stranded polynucleotide

what does it mean that DNA is is anti-parallel

opposite directions

with the function of a protein, change of the amino acid sequence changed

It would because the sequence dictates the proteins 3-D shape

what interactions occur in the secondary structure

coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding

what interactions occur in the tertiary structure

3-D folding due to interactions between the side chains

what interactions occur in the quaternary structure

association of two or more poly peptides

Disaccharides

two monosaccharides join together

how many protein monomers are there

20

draw the general structure of an amino acid

how to D groups of amino acids contribute to protein structure

determine the shape and function

how does saturation affect the structure and function of fatty acids

if the molecule bends or not

polysaccharides

polymers with many sugars joined

what do plants store

starch

what do animals store

glycogen

what do protein molecules consist of

polypeptides

what elements is protein comprised of

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur

what groups are in a amino acid molecule

amino and carboxyl group

show where the amino and carboxyl group is and the variable side chain is

What are three classifications for R groups

Nonpolar polar and ionic

What R groups would orient outward or inward toward the surface of water

Polar and ionic would be outward and nonpolar would be inward

What’s the code for proteins

Genes

Lipids

class of molecules that don’t include polymers

are lipids nonpolar or polar

nonpolar

what are the three types of lipids

fats phospholipids and steroids

what are fats composed of

glycerol and fatty acids

how many bonds does a saturated fatty acid have

no double bonds

how many bonds does a unsaturated have

one or more double bonds

how many bonds does a polyunsaturated fats have

numerous double or triple bonds

phospholipids

major component of cell membranes

steroids

lipids have four fused rings

what happens to the structure of a saturated fatty acid

it’s straight

what happens to the structure of a unsaturated fatty acid

bends from the double bond

what’s the most common steroid

cholesterol