UNIT 4 REVIEW HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Created in 2022 for P. Hammond's AP Human Geography course.

Nation

a group of people who have certain traits in common

EX: the French, Canadians, Mexicans, etc. (4.1)

Nation-State

a singular nation that fulfills the requirements of a state

EX: Japan, Iceland, Denmark (4.1)

Stateless Nation

a cultural group with no political entity

EX: Kurds, Basques, Palestinians (4.1)

Multinational State

a country that contains more than one nation

EX: The United Kingdom, Indonesia, Afghanistan (4.1)

Multistate Nation

a nation with a state that stretches across borders of other states; a cultural region with a smaller political entity within

EX: Russian, Korean, Arab (4.1)

Autonomous Region

a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from parent country

EX: Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia (4.1)

Semiautonomous Region

an area that has some type of partial political autonomy

EX: Native reservations in America, Puerto Rico (4.1)

Neocolonialism

control over developing countries exerted through indirect means (economic, political, or cultural power)

EX: Banana Republics, modern-day Africa (4.1)

Geopolitics

the study of effects of geography on politics and relations among states (4.1)

Sovereignty

the power a political unit has to rule over its own affairs (4.1)

Self-Determination

the concept that nations have the right to govern themselves (4.1)

Sykes-Picot Agreement

the European division of the Ottoman Empire into the middle eastern countries; created superimposed boundaries (4.1)

Berlin Conference

the European division of Africa without consideration of the demography within Africa; created superimposed, geometric boundaries (4.1)

Terra Nullius

“empty land” or “land belonging to no one” (4.1)

Native Title

recognizes natives’ rights for areas occupied historically and currently in specific areas (4.1)

Steps of Boundary Creation

**DDDA** – **Define** (establish), **Delimit** (draw on map), **Demarcate** (signs/fences on the ground), **Administer** (enforce and maintain) (4.2)

Militarized Border

*physical* barrier constructed by the state to either keep people in or out of their territory; the strictest border

EX: North/South Korea boundary (4.2)

Administered Border

enforcement and maintaining of a boundary by government; strictness of border varies

EX: Mexico/United States boundary (4.2)

Open Border

boundary in which there are *no establishments* and one is free to move from one side to another; most relaxed border

EX: countries in the European Union (4.2)

Shatterbelt

a region that is deeply divided along cultural, ethnic, or religious lines that compete for influence

EX: the Balkans (4.2)

Choke Point

a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region

EX: Strait of Hormuz (4.2)

Morphology

a study of structure or form (4.2)

Territoriality

a willingness by one person/group to defend the space they claim (4.2)

Natural Boundary

boundary set by physical features

EX: Missouri and Illinois separated by the Mississippi river (4.2)

Relic Boundary

boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape

EX: Great Wall of China, Berlin Wall (4.2)

Superimposed Boundary

boundary drawn by outside powers

EX: Berlin Conference and Sykes-Picot impacted countries (4.2)

Subsequent Boundary

border drawn in an area after the population is present; opposite of antecedent

EX: China/Vietnam border (4.2)

Antecedent Boundary

boundary set before a large population was present, often set on a natural boundary; opposite of subsequent

EX: United States/Canada border (4.2)

Geometric Boundary

a straight line drawn by people that does not follow a physical feature; could be considered the opposite of natural

EX: Africa (Berlin Conference) (4.2)

Consequent Boundary

a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits

EX: Mormon region within Utah (4.2)

Irredentist Contested Boundary

conflict sprouted when one country wants another territory because part of their ethnic population lives there (4.2)

Operational Contested Boundary

conflict sprouted when there are differing opinions on how the border functions or should function (4.2)

Allocational Contested Boundary

conflict sprouted when there are natural resources on the border that may be used by both countries (sky, sea, and ground) (4.2)

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNCLOS; establishes rights and laws for the sea that assist with the division of maritime boundaries and resources (4.2)

Voting Districts

defined boundaries that elect officials and create laws (4.3)

Redistricting

when the government redraws boundaries to reflect reapportionment after the census (4.3)

Gerrymandering

when boundaries are drawn to establish political advantages (4.3)

Unitary States vs. Federal States

**unitary states** – top-down, centralized national power; homogenous, small states

EX: Japan

**federal states** – locally based with dispersed power through national and state governments; ethnically diverse, big states

EX: United States (4.3)

Transnational Corporation

company that conducts business on a global scale

EX: McDonalds, Coca-Cola, Amazon (4.4)

Supranational Organization

international organizations where multiple states transcend national boundaries or interests to share in decision-making and vote on issues pertaining to the wider grouping

EX: World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), NATO (4.4)

Vertical vs. Horizontal Integration

**vertical** – controls each step from the ground to capital good (the entire process of one final good is owned)

**horizontal** – controls all of one step (the entire step of one component is owned) (4.4)

Devolution

the transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government; mostly on regional lines and tend to respond to conflict (4.4)

6 Causes of Devolution

physical geography, ethnic and linguistic separation, terrorism, economics, subnationalism, irredentism (4.4)

Balkanism

named after early 1900s ethnic conflict between balkan states; nowadays refers to the split of a country into smaller, often hostile states (4.4)

Forward Capital

a capital city that is relocated for economic, political, or strategic symbolism attempting to create unity

EX: Abuja, Nigeria (4.4)

Centripetal Forces

factors that **pull** people together

EX: ethnonationalism, equitable infrastructure development, cultural cohesion (4.4)

Centrifugal Forces

factors that **force** people apart

EX: failed states, uneven development, stateless nations, ethnic nationalist movements, ethnic cleansing (4.4)