a group of people who have certain traits in common
EX: the French, Canadians, Mexicans, etc. (4.1)
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Nation-State
a singular nation that fulfills the requirements of a state
EX: Japan, Iceland, Denmark (4.1)
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Stateless Nation
a cultural group with no political entity
EX: Kurds, Basques, Palestinians (4.1)
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Multinational State
a country that contains more than one nation
EX: The United Kingdom, Indonesia, Afghanistan (4.1)
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Multistate Nation
a nation with a state that stretches across borders of other states; a cultural region with a smaller political entity within
EX: Russian, Korean, Arab (4.1)
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Autonomous Region
a defined area within a state that has a high degree of self-government and freedom from parent country
EX: Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia (4.1)
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Semiautonomous Region
an area that has some type of partial political autonomy
EX: Native reservations in America, Puerto Rico (4.1)
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Neocolonialism
control over developing countries exerted through indirect means (economic, political, or cultural power)
EX: Banana Republics, modern-day Africa (4.1)
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Geopolitics
the study of effects of geography on politics and relations among states (4.1)
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Sovereignty
the power a political unit has to rule over its own affairs (4.1)
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Self-Determination
the concept that nations have the right to govern themselves (4.1)
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Sykes-Picot Agreement
the European division of the Ottoman Empire into the middle eastern countries; created superimposed boundaries (4.1)
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Berlin Conference
the European division of Africa without consideration of the demography within Africa; created superimposed, geometric boundaries (4.1)
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Terra Nullius
“empty land” or “land belonging to no one” (4.1)
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Native Title
recognizes natives’ rights for areas occupied historically and currently in specific areas (4.1)
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Steps of Boundary Creation
**DDDA** – **Define** (establish), **Delimit** (draw on map), **Demarcate** (signs/fences on the ground), **Administer** (enforce and maintain) (4.2)
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Militarized Border
*physical* barrier constructed by the state to either keep people in or out of their territory; the strictest border
EX: North/South Korea boundary (4.2)
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Administered Border
enforcement and maintaining of a boundary by government; strictness of border varies
EX: Mexico/United States boundary (4.2)
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Open Border
boundary in which there are *no establishments* and one is free to move from one side to another; most relaxed border
EX: countries in the European Union (4.2)
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Shatterbelt
a region that is deeply divided along cultural, ethnic, or religious lines that compete for influence
EX: the Balkans (4.2)
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Choke Point
a strategic narrow route providing passage through or to another region
EX: Strait of Hormuz (4.2)
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Morphology
a study of structure or form (4.2)
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Territoriality
a willingness by one person/group to defend the space they claim (4.2)
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Natural Boundary
boundary set by physical features
EX: Missouri and Illinois separated by the Mississippi river (4.2)
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Relic Boundary
boundary that no longer exists, but evidence of it still exists on the landscape
EX: Great Wall of China, Berlin Wall (4.2)
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Superimposed Boundary
boundary drawn by outside powers
EX: Berlin Conference and Sykes-Picot impacted countries (4.2)
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Subsequent Boundary
border drawn in an area after the population is present; opposite of antecedent
EX: China/Vietnam border (4.2)
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Antecedent Boundary
boundary set before a large population was present, often set on a natural boundary; opposite of subsequent
EX: United States/Canada border (4.2)
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Geometric Boundary
a straight line drawn by people that does not follow a physical feature; could be considered the opposite of natural
EX: Africa (Berlin Conference) (4.2)
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Consequent Boundary
a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits
EX: Mormon region within Utah (4.2)
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Irredentist Contested Boundary
conflict sprouted when one country wants another territory because part of their ethnic population lives there (4.2)
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Operational Contested Boundary
conflict sprouted when there are differing opinions on how the border functions or should function (4.2)
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Allocational Contested Boundary
conflict sprouted when there are natural resources on the border that may be used by both countries (sky, sea, and ground) (4.2)
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
UNCLOS; establishes rights and laws for the sea that assist with the division of maritime boundaries and resources (4.2)
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Voting Districts
defined boundaries that elect officials and create laws (4.3)
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Redistricting
when the government redraws boundaries to reflect reapportionment after the census (4.3)
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Gerrymandering
when boundaries are drawn to establish political advantages (4.3)
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Unitary States vs. Federal States
**unitary states** – top-down, centralized national power; homogenous, small states
EX: Japan
**federal states** – locally based with dispersed power through national and state governments; ethnically diverse, big states
EX: United States (4.3)
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Transnational Corporation
company that conducts business on a global scale
EX: McDonalds, Coca-Cola, Amazon (4.4)
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Supranational Organization
international organizations where multiple states transcend national boundaries or interests to share in decision-making and vote on issues pertaining to the wider grouping
EX: World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations (UN), NATO (4.4)
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Vertical vs. Horizontal Integration
**vertical** – controls each step from the ground to capital good (the entire process of one final good is owned)
**horizontal** – controls all of one step (the entire step of one component is owned) (4.4)
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Devolution
the transfer of political power from the central government to subnational levels of government; mostly on regional lines and tend to respond to conflict (4.4)
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6 Causes of Devolution
physical geography, ethnic and linguistic separation, terrorism, economics, subnationalism, irredentism (4.4)
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Balkanism
named after early 1900s ethnic conflict between balkan states; nowadays refers to the split of a country into smaller, often hostile states (4.4)
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Forward Capital
a capital city that is relocated for economic, political, or strategic symbolism attempting to create unity
EX: Abuja, Nigeria (4.4)
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Centripetal Forces
factors that **pull** people together
EX: ethnonationalism, equitable infrastructure development, cultural cohesion (4.4)