counseling and helping relationships terms

incomplete parent

individual whose caretaker left or died at an early age might be plagued with this, this person could expect others to parent hhim or her throughout life, or might use lack of parenting as an excuse for poor behavior

resolution of the Oedipal complex

accomplished by identifcation with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

little hans

used to contrast behavior therapy with psychonanalysis — he was a 5 year old boy afraid of going into the streets, reflects of psycholanalytic explanations of behavior — Freud wrote A Analysis of a Phobia in a 5 Year Old Boy about him

Anna O

the first psychoanalytic patient, patient of Josef Breuer (Freud’s colleague), suffered from symptoms without an organic basis, which was termed hysteria

daniel paul schreber

most frequently quoted case in modern psychiatry, wrote Memoirs of a Nervous Patient, had a delusion that he would be transformed into a woman and Freud felt that he might be struggling with unconscious issues of homosexulity

abreaction

basically catharsis, but when the repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent

subjective units of disturbance scale

SUDS, a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe’s systematic desensitization — creaated via the process of introspection by rating the anxiety associated with the situation

repression

the most significant defense mechanism, automatic/involuntary

identification

defense mechanism, which results when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or shhe will be perceived as successful or worthwhile

sour grapes rationalization

“I didn’t really want it anyway”, underrates rewards

sweet lemon rationalization

overrates a reward to protect the self from a bruised ego

compensation

when a person attempts to develop or overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation

interpretation

purpose of this is to make the clients aware of their unconscious processes

transference neurosis

when the client is attached to the counselor as if they are the substitute parent

mandalas

drawing used by Jung that are balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams

rudolph dreikurs

created the TAT, introduced Adlerian principles to the treatment of children in the school setting ac

accurate therapy

occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client’s POV in terms of feelings and cognitions

symptom substitution

psychoanalytic concept, if you merely deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind

frederick thorne

associated the most with eclecticism, preferrred the term psychological case haandling rather than psychotherapy

associationism

asserts that ideas are held together by associations, connected to John Locke, David Hume, etc. — behaviorist concept

law of effect

edward thorndike, asserts that responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be staamped out — BJ Skinner reinforement theory is associated with this

eg williamson

founder of Minnesota Viewpoint, approach attempts to match the client’s traits with a career — trait and factor approach

another phrase for operant conditioning

instrumental learning

respondent behavior

akin to reflexes, referring Pavlov

most effective time interval between CS and the US

0.5 or half a second

delay conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) starts before the unconditioned stimulus (US) and continues until the US appears.

• CS: Bell

• US: Food

• CS (bell) rings → continues ringing

• US (food) is presented while the bell is still ringing

  • CR: Salivation to the bell alone

trace conditioning

The conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented, then stops, and after a short gap the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented.

There is NO overlap between CS and US.

The learner has to “hold” a mental trace of the CS.

backward conditioning

UCS comes before the CS — this doesn’t work

simultaneous conditioning

UCS and CS are presented at the same time — bell and meat are presented at the same time — conditioning will not work

stimulus generalization

aka second order conditioning or irradiation — occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction

stimulus discrimination

referred to stimulus differentiatio, learning process is fine tuned if you will to respond only to a specific stimulus

experimental neurosis

emotional disturbance due to stimuli being almost the same — when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical

classical extinction

when the CS is not reinforced via the US — ex. ringing bell without giving dog food

operant extinction

connotes that reinforcement is withheld and eventually the behavior will be extinguished (eliminated)

chaining

Teaching a complex behavior by breaking it into smaller steps, then reinforcing each step in a specific sequence until the whole behavior is learned.

behavior modification

is Skinnerian, based on operant conditioning principles

behavior therapy

emphasizes Pavlovian, based on classical conditioning

neal miller and ali banuazizi

showed that by utilizing rewards rats could be trained to alter heart rate and intestinal contractions, demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes

mary cover jones

demonstrated that fear responses can be reduced by pairing the feared stimulus with a positive stimulus, learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction — associated with neurolinguistic programming

neurolinguistic programming

brainchild of linguistics professor John Grinder and math/computer expert John Bandler

analytic/depth psychologists

freud, adler, jung, erickson, horney, harry stack sullivan

concreteness

also known as specificity in some literature, uses this principle in an attempt to eliminate vague language

biofeedback

A technique that teaches clients to gain voluntary control over involuntary physiological processes by giving them real-time feedback from their body. — use scales, mirrors

higher order conditioning

when a new stimulus is associated or paired with the CS and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS, behaviorists refers to this phenomenon

temperature trainer

use this in biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines

jacobson relaxation method

rapidly became the darling of the behavior therapy movement, physiologist who developed a realaxation technique in which muscle groups are alternately tensed aanad relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation

galvanic skin response

a method of biofeedback, provides electrical skin resistance

premack principle

an efficient reinforcer is what the client himself or herself likes to do, a lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior — sometimes called Grandma’s rule/law

yerkes dodson law

moderate amount of arousal actually improves performancese

secondary reinforcement

when a stimulus accompanies a reinforcer it can literally acquire reinforcement properties of its own like an actual or so called primary reinforcer — ex. Money → buys food, shelter

back up reinforcer

aan item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens

behavioral rehearsal

the act of practicing a behavior in a counseling session that can be beenficial in the client’s life

fixed role therapy

refers to the treatment model created by psychologist George Kelly — the client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role, they are instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script

systematic desensitization steps

relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, in vivo desensitization

sensate focus

behaviorial sex therapy, developed by william masters and virginia johnson, relies on counter conditioning, a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible

reich’s orgone box

a device which the client would sit in to increase orgone life energy

sensisitization

one is made more sensitive to a stimulus

desensitization

means to maake one less sensitive

implosive therapy

brainchild of TG Stampfl — always conducted using the imagination and sometimes relies on psychoanalytic symbolism

flooding

occurs when the client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus, also called deliberate exposure with response prevention

epictetus

philosphical background of REBT

horizontal relationship

assumes equality between people

vertical relationship

the counselor is viewed as an expert

noogenic neurosis

the frustration of the will to meaning

failure identity

refers to dwelling on past failures can reinforce a negative self concept — reality therapist therapy

success identity

reality therapy term, the responsible person will hhave this identity

musturbation

REBT term, when a client uses too many should, oughts, and musts in their thinking — aka absolutist thinking

maxie maultsby jr

father of RBT — similar to REBT but emphasises a written self analysis

donald meichenbaum

cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment, approach is called self instructional training

stress inoculation treatment

three phases:

1. client is involved in an educational