Exam 2 Review - Skeleton and Muscle Physiology

Flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to the skeleton and muscle physiology for Exam 2.

Axial Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that consists of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and the girdles that support them, such as the scapula and pelvic girdles.

Bones of the knee joint

The femur, tibia, and patella.

Bones of the elbow joint

The humerus, radius, and ulna.

Pectoral girdle bones

The clavicle and scapula.

Orbital cavity bones

The frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid bones.

Medullary cavity

The central cavity of bone shafts where red and yellow bone marrow is stored.

Sutures of the skull

Fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull.

Sphenoid bone

The bone that forms part of the cranial base and contributes to the orbit.

Sella turcica

The depression in the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

Zygomatic arch

Formed by the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone.

Mandible joint with the skull

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Gross anatomy of a vertebra

Includes components like the body, spinous process, transverse processes, and vertebral foramen.

Kyphosis

An exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine.

Lordosis

An exaggerated curvature of the lumbar spine.

Scoliosis

A lateral curvature of the spine.

Hyoid bone

The only free-floating bone in the body.

Sternum bones

Consists of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Cervical vertebrae names

The first two are called the atlas (C1) and axis (C2).

Scapula features

Includes the spine, acromion process, subscapular fossa, and glenoid fossa.

Humerus features

Includes the head, medial epicondyle, trochlea, and olecranon fossa.

Radius and ulna features

Includes the styloid processes, olecranon, head, and trochlear notch.

Constituent bones of the hand

Includes metacarpals and phalanges.

Major bones of the pelvis

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Joint between sacral and pelvic bones

Sacroiliac joint.

Femur features

Includes the head, neck, greater/lesser trochanters, and medial/lateral condyles.

Tibia features

Includes the medial malleolus and medial/lateral condyles.

Largest bone of the foot

The calcaneus, which is medial to other tarsals.

Striated appearance of muscle fibers

Results from the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.

Functions of skeletal muscles

Include movement, posture maintenance, joint stabilization, and heat production.

Calcium storage in muscle cells

Occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Connective tissue sheaths in muscles

Includes epimysium (around whole muscle), perimysium (around fascicles), and endomysium (around individual fibers).

Basic structures of a muscle cell

Includes myofibrils, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and t-tubules.

Sarcomere bands and lines

Include A band, I band, Z line, and M line, distinguished by light and dark striations.

Proteins surrounding actin filaments

Include tropomyosin and troponin, which regulate contraction.

Thick and thin filament proteins

Thick filaments are primarily made of myosin; thin filaments are primarily made of actin.

Rigor mortis onset

Begins within a few hours after death and resolves after 24 to 48 hours.

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) components

Consists of the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine in vesicles, and cholinergic receptors.

Muscle fiber interruption effect

Leads to paralysis or inability of muscles to contract.

Excitation-contraction coupling steps

Involves nerve impulse triggering calcium release, leading to sarcomere contraction.

Forms of tetanus vs. muscle twitches

Tetanus is a sustained contraction, while muscle twitches are single quick contractions.

Characteristics of muscle tissue

Include excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.

Tendon connecting gastrocnemius to calcaneus

Achilles tendon.

White band of tissue between abdominal muscles

Linea alba.

Large tendon connecting occipitofrontalis muscle

Galea aponeurotica.

Definitions of key movements in anatomy

Pronation: inward rotation; supination: outward rotation; elevation: lifting; depression: lowering; abduction: moving away from midline; adduction: moving toward midline.