chp 7: motivation concepts

Motivation

The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal

self-determination theory (SDT)

a meta-theory of motivation at work that is concerned with autonomy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and the satisfaction of psychological work needs

proposes that employees’ well-being and performance are influenced by the nature of their motivation for certain job activities

cognitive evaluation theory (CET)

a sub-theory of self-determination theory (SDT) in which extrinsic rewards (e.g., pay) for behavior tend to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling or reduce their sense of competence

(when people are paid for work, it feels less like something they want to do and more like something they must do)

self concordance

the degree to which people’s reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interest and core values

Reinforcement Theory

a theory suggesting that behavior is a function of its consequences

Social Learning Theory

the view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience

Expectancy Theory

a theory that suggests that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual

Goal-setting Theory

a theory that intentions to work toward a goal are considered a major source of work motivation and lead to higher performance

management by objectives (MBO)

a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress

Self-efficacy Theory

an individual’s belief of being capable of performing a task

Equity Theory

a theory stating that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities

Distributive Justice

perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals

Procedural Justice

the perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards

informational justice

the degree to which employees are provided truthful  explanations for decisions

interpersonal justice

the degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect

McClelland’s theory of needs

a theory that suggests needs are more like motivating factors than prerequisites for survival.

achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation

physiological

hunger, thirst, shelter, and other bodily needs

safety

security and protection from physical and emotional harm

social-belongingness

affection, love, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship

esteem

internal factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement as well as external factors such as status, recognition and attention

self-actualization

drive to become what we become; includes growth, achieving our potential, and self-fulfillment

expectancy

the effort-performance relationship. the degree to which the individual believes exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance

instrumentality

the performance-reward relationship. the degree to which the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to the attainment of a desired outcome

valence

the rewards-personal goals relationship the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual’s personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual

need for achievement (nAch)

need to excel or achieve to a set of standards

need for power (nPow)

need to make others behave in a way they would have not done otherwise

need for affiliation(nAff)

need to establish friendly and close interpersonal relationships

promotion focus

a self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment

prevention focus

a self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations and avoiding failure

operant conditioning

suggests that people learn to behave in an certain way to either get something they want or avoid something they do not want

behaviorism

a theory stating that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner