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What was the population of England like in the 1060s compared to today?
Very low compared to today.
What type of land was predominantly found in southern England during the 1060s?
Mostly bush land.
What did the whole life of people in England in the 1060s revolve around?
The land.
Which region had the closest connections to England in the 1060s?
Scandinavia.
What commonality existed between England and Scandinavia during the 1060s?
Both were Christian and part of the Roman Catholic Church.
What governance issues did England face in the 1060s?
Not well governed, lack of loyalty from earls, and reliance on natural defenses.
Who became the last Saxon king of England in 1066?
Harold Godwinson.
What happened in 1066 following the death of Edward the Confessor?
Harold Godwinson became king and faced challenges from Viking King Hardrada and French Duke William of Normandy.
What was William of Normandy known as after being crowned king?
William the Conqueror.
What system did William introduce to maintain control over England?
Feudalism.
What architectural changes did William introduce after he became king?
New styles of architecture.
What was the basic government and society ranking system in Europe during the Middle Ages?
Feudal system.
What was the role of a king in the feudal hierarchy?
Claimed all land and divided it among nobles.
What do Nobles provide in return for land?
Loyalty to the king, fighting in war, and paying taxes.
What responsibilities did Knights have in the feudal system?
Pledge loyalty to nobles, pay taxes, and protect peasants.
What describes the majority of people in the medieval society?
Peasants.
What are serfs characterized as in medieval society?
More like slaves, owning nothing.
What is a Motte-and-Bailey castle design?
A wooden castle built on a man-made hill surrounded by a moat with a courtyard at the bottom.
What are the advantages of stone castles over wooden ones?
Stronger, taller, and better for defense.
What significant role did the Catholic Church hold during the feudal system?
Supreme authority even over kings.
What was the hierarchical structure of the Church?
Pope -> Bishops -> Parish Priests.
Why was the church considered so rich and powerful?
People had to give 10% of earnings and land donations were common.
What was the Central Conflict during the Middle Ages in England?
Between the authority of the King and the Pope.
What power did a pope have over a king?
Excommunication, suspending the king from the church.
What was the consequence of a king facing excommunication?
All people in his kingdom were also excommunicated.
What did Christians believe about sin and salvation?
Born with sin, needing to live a Catholic life to avoid hell.
What was a pilgrimage?
A spiritual journey to a holy site.
What responsibilities did monks have in society?
Protect society through prayer and community service.
What was the Magna Carta?
The first document to establish that the king is not above the law.
What rights did the Magna Carta establish for barons?
Limited the king's power and set rights under the feudal system.
What was the Bubonic Plague and how was it spread?
Caused by a flea bite, leading to swollen lymph nodes and high fever.
What was the death rate of those infected by the Bubonic Plague?
30-70% died.
What is the most deadly type of plague?
Septicaemic Plague.
What symptoms were associated with the Septicaemic Plague?
Bleeding, organ failure, fever, and dark purple skin.
What percentage of victims died from the Septicaemic Plague?
100% of people died.
Who was at the top of the Inca social structure?
Sapa Inca.
What belief did the Sapa Inca hold about their descent?
Believed to be descended from Inti, the sun god.
What were the three main types of nobles in Inca society?
Capac, Hahua, and Curacas.
What was the role of Curacas in Inca society?
Leaders of conquered peoples and local leaders.
What did commoners do in the Inca Empire?
Supported the government through farming and construction.
What were the main crops grown by the Inca?
Squash, peppers, beans, peanuts, corn, and potatoes.
What was the role of Inca priests?
Caring for temples, making sacrifices, and acting as community healers.
How did the Incas honor their ancestors?
Preserving them as cloth-wrapped mummies and bringing them out for ceremonies.
What was the Inca military known for?
Highly trained, organized, and able to call on ordinary farmers as soldiers.
What were the main weapons used by the Inca army?
Wooden swords, clubs with stone or metal heads, and slings.
What materials were used for Inca clothing?
Wool and cotton.
How did the Inca communicate without a written language?
Using knotted strings called quipus and runners called chasquis.
What were markets used for in Inca society?
Exchanging stories, poetry, music, dancing, and drinking.
What was the purpose of European exploration during the 15th to 17th centuries?
Discovering new trade routes and expanding empires.
What was a key reason Constantinople's fall was significant for trade?
It shut down major trade routes.
Which country became an early leader in exploration due to high technology?
Portugal.
Who was Hernan Cortez and what did he accomplish?
Conquered the Aztec Empire.
What did Christopher Columbus mistakenly discover while searching for a trade route?
America, thinking it was India.
What was the impact of exploration on the European empires?
Became wealthier and expanded territories.
What invention helped the Portuguese during their explorations?
The Caravel boat, made for long trips.
What did the Spanish establish in the Americas?
Colonies and expansion of their empire.
What significant routes did Bartolomeu Dias discover?
Around the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean.
What was the social structure of the Inca Empire?
Sapa Inca, Nobles, and Commoners.
What role did Inca priests play during ceremonies?
Conducting sacrifices and rituals.
How did daily life differ between poor and wealthy Inca families?
Similar clothing styles, but differing quality and color of fabric.
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