last minute studying final bio 112 staton wake tech

What criteria are necessary for Natural selection to occur?

surplus of offspring

Convergent Evolution

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

If two plants have similar structures because they evolved in similar habitats but they do not share the same evolutionary line

what type of traits are these?

What are homologous traits? How are homologies used to determine relatedness evolutionarily?

like features that develop in related organisms

What are vestigial features? What do they tell you about evolutionary relatedness?

leftover remnants of evolution

Who were the scientists that most influenced Darwin's thinking? What did each person contribute to the scientific community and to Darwin's education about the Natural world?

Lamarck- french naturalist

What is fitness? How is fitness determined?

fitness- ability to survive to reproductive age

How do species evolve? Can individuals choose to evolve?

individuals can't evolve

There is a population of frogs living in a pond

25 are green

What are polymorphic traits?

traits that have multiple versions of them

Be able to give examples of polymorphic traits in humans.

eye color or hair type and color

Be able to calculate the frequency of alleles in a population.

Hardy Weinberg Equation --- a^2 + 2ab + b^2 = 1 term 1 is homozygous dominant

What does it mean when a population is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

allele frequency is constant in a population

What conditions need to be met for a population to be in HW- Equilibrium?

no mutation

What conditions about a population would violate the Hardy Weinberg principle

there by not allowing it to be in equilibrium?

genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

Why do some traits

such as thicker fur or flowers of different colors

What is Balancing selection? Be able to give examples.

a number of processes by which allele frequencies are kept at maintenance in a population at higher frequencies than genetic drift would assume

What does the sudden appearance of fossil species in the geologic record mean according to Punctuated equilibrium?

once a species appears in the fossil record

The divergence of one species into different species within the same geographic area or territory is what type of speciation?

gene flow

What are some examples of this type of speciation event with animals and plants?

blue bird species interbreeds with red species

What is the predicted outcome of increased gene flow between populations?

it will slow down speciation

Compare and contrast Microevolution and Macroevolution.

microevolution- evolution within a species

Microevolution

Evolutionary change below the species level

change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations.

Macroevolution

Evolutionary change above the species level.

If the allele frequency for a trait changes in a population over generations leading to a change in the average Size or dimension of a trait in that population

what type of evolution is occurring?

How does Macroevolution occur? What does it lead to?

broad changes in taxa of species

How are species defined?

All members of a population which are able to mate and produce viable offspring

Allopatric Speciation

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

Describe examples of Allopatric speciation events.

an earth quake that causes a rift to form between two populations of organism

How are different frequencies of sounds detected and transmitted by the ear? What determines the ability to hear one range of frequencies over a different range?

the size of the stirrup bone

What are the different types of photoreceptor cells in mammals?

rods and cones

What happens when rods are exposed to light?

the color pigments change shape

In the visual system how does the sensory transduction of light occur in the retina?

light goes through pupil into back of eye (retina) where is absorbed by cones and rods - rods are for night vision

How is light energy converted into chemical energy in the vertebrate visual system?

light sensitive pigments which change shape

Define what kin selection and Reciprocal altruism are.

kin selection- default favoring of closely related kin reciprocal altruism- temporarily diminishing its own fitness in hope of the organism it helped helping it later- usually occurs in 'smart' animals

Be able to give examples of Kin selection and reciprocal altruism.

rec. altruism- cleaning symbiosis

What conditions need to be in place for reciprocal altruism to be in place.

relative stability and safety

What are the different types of communication seen in the animal world?

auditory

Communication

The imparting or exchanging of information or news to other organisms

Be able to identify different examples of communication.

ok

What are the different types of learning?

classical conditioning

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

classical conditioning?

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

What is the main limiting resource for females in determining their life strategies in comparison to males?

her eggs/ ovum/ ability to produce new eggs

dominance hierarchies?

pecking order behaviors that dictate the social position of an animal in a culture

Innate Behavior

a behavior that is inherited rather than learned

Is a bird learning its species song learned behavior or is it innate?

innate

What are the ultimate and proximate causes of behavior?

ultimate- the big "if" - the evolutionary

What does sexual dimorphism tell you about the mating systems of those species that exhibit this feature?

intrasexual competition- big and bad males to compete with other males

Intersexual Competition

between diff species

Two males of the same species competing for territories is what type of sexual competition?

intrasexual- within species inter- between diff species

Be able to determine the carrying capacity of a population given the information needed.

where population line levels off and flattens- maximum number of individuals that an area can support indefinitely

What type of reproductive strategy is it when species reproduce only once?

semelparity

What type of reproductive strategy is it when species reproduce once a season but over many years?

iteroparity

What type of reproductive strategy is it when species reproduce continuously throughout the year?

HINT: Semelparity vs Iteropartiy

iteroparity

Be able to tell if a population population growth rate is increasing

decreasing or in equilibrium if given "r"

What are the different methods of estimating population size?

quadrat- measuring off square area and counting individuals (used for trees and non moving stuff) mark-recapture method- marking moving animals with a tag and then capturing and counting them

Be able to use the Mark-recapture method to estimate population size.

What type of survivorship curve does "r" selected species generally have?

r selected curve - rapidly declining number of young

Fundamental Niche

The full potential range of the physical

Realized Niche

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives

How are Fundamental niche and realized niche different?

fundamental - what species should be able to access without taking into account the competitiion realized niche- the ACTUAL range of stuff they have access to when taking the competition organisms into account

Can a species always occupy its fundamental niche?

no

What can cause a species to be limited to a realized niche?

crowding

If two species look very similar and they are both poisonous or bad tasting

what type of mimicry is this?

If two species look similar or have similar behaviors or sounds and one species is bad to eat and the other is tasty what type of mimicry is this?

Batesian mimicry

Be able to provide examples of the different types of mimicry.

batesian- flys mimic dangerous wasps mullerian - poison frogs mimic appearance of other poison frogs

What are the different types of competition?

~ Inter-species (between different species) ~ Intra-species (between organisms of the same species)

Interspecific Competition

competition between members of different species

Intraspecific Competition

competition between members of the same species

What occurs in exploitation competition?

two difference species competing for a limited resource

What occurs in interference competition?

aggressive intrusion on other species to prevent them from gaining access to territory

What are invasive/exotic species?

specie to which the new surrounding species have not adapted

Why are exotic species so successful in their new habitat?

they haven't yet been adapted to

How are invasive species introduced to new areas?

international or maritime travel

How can landscape ecologists help prevent fragmentation due to development?

Describe the role different types of species have on ecosystems and conservation: i.e. Flagship species

Umbrella species

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide

How have humans altered the greenhouse effect?

rapid increase in population of humans and agricultural animals causing methane and n2o

Which pair of species would be expected to have fewer genetic differences: orangutans and gorillas or gorillas and humans? Why?

Gorillas and humans because their common ancestor (C) is more recent than that of orangutans and gorillas (B).

--- What conditions below are necessary for natural selection to be occurring?

Differential Reproductive Success

Sharing similar traits not because of shared ancestry but due to similar selective forces:

Convergent Evolution

The forearm of a turtle and the forearm of a human are considered:

homologous structures

The appearance of pelvic and hip bones in a whale are examples of:

vestigial structures

An organism has a high fitness if:

it has more offspring than others in the population

A random fluctuation in gene frequency of a population is:

Genetic Drift

Gene Flow

increases genetic variation within a population

The growth rate of a population if the birth rate =.35 and the death rate = .10:

0.25

The carrying capacity is

resources available to support organisms in an ecosystem

If the "r" of a population is -0.3

the population is declining

Birds will reproduce once per season over several years

this is known as

Mark re-capture is a method used to

estimate population size of motile species

The spread of disease and parasites in a crowded industrial farm is an example of

density dependent control factors

An "r-" selected species is characterized by

little parental care

A tasty moth imitates the sound of a non-tasty moth to avoid being eaten by a bat

Batesian Mimicry

Fundamental Niche

the niche that could be occupied without competition

Two caterpillars of the same species fight for access to a leaf. This is an example of:

Interference Competition