blood and circulation bio test

give three differences in structure between red and white blood cells

red blood cells have haemoglobin, white don’t

white blood cells are bigger

white blood cells have a nucleus, red don’t

calculate the total number of red blood cells in woman

4.3 × 5.2 = 22.36

22.4 × 10**12 = 2.2 × 10**13

percentage difference in haemoglobin

151-148 = 3

3/148 × 100 = 2.03%

discuss relationship between altitude…

The table shows that the mass of haemoglobin increased from 0m to 1890m, however, it decreased slightly from 1890m to 2270m. The mean number of red blood cells also increased from 0m to 1890m and decreased from 1890m to 2270m. It is a large study, which makes it more accurate, however there isn't any information on other factors such as age and health which can make it less reliable. 

components of blood

white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, plasma

what does the diagram show?

In stage 1, the phagocyte is producing an extension of its cytoplasm. In stage 2, it surrounds and encloses the microorganism in a vacuole. In stage 3, it is secreting enzymes into the vacuole to break down the pathogen, and in stage 4 the remains of the bacterium is released. 

discuss the tissue deoxygenation table

The percent of oxygen saturation of blood in people with a normal blood flow is higher in non-anaemics. However, the rate of tissue deoxygenation in people with a slow blood flow is higher in anaemics. This is because people with anaemia have less red blood cells, so they have fewer red blood cells to carry oxygen and therefore their tissues deoxygenate faster. 

differences between wall of artery and vein

arteries have a thicker layer of elastic as the blood pressure is higher

veins have valves to prevent backflow of blood

why does a person with chd not perform as well during excersise

their artery is narrower, so less oxygen is supplied to the heart, so less aerobic respiration is able to take place

risk factor for chd

stress

risk factor alleles and smoking of developing chd

The graph shows that in all groups, smoking increases the risk of CHD, and more risk factor alleles always also increases the risk of CHD. Smoking increases the risk as it blocks the coronary artery, and it also contains carbon monoxide. However, there is no mention of other factors such as age or gender which might make the conclusion less reliable.