Benzodiazepines and A-2 Agonists/Antag.

What kind of drugs are benzodiazepines?

minor tranquilizers

What class are benzodiazepines?

4

Name what is drugs are included in benzodiazepines.

diazepam, zolazepam, midazolam

Do bezodiazepines have a rapid or slow onset of action?

rapid

What benzodiazepine is NOT reversable?

zolazepam

Do benzodiazepines have analgesic effects?

no

Do benzodiazepines cross the placenta?

yes

What are adverse effects of benzodiazepines in dogs?

disorientation and excitement

What are adverse effects of benzodiazepines in cats?

dysphoria and aggression

What can diazepam be mixed with?

ketamine

Should you administer diazepam IM?

no

Is diazepam water soluble?

no

Which is more longer acting: midazolam or diazepam?

diazepam

Is midazolam water soluble?

yes

Can midazolam be administered IM?

yes

Can midazolam be administered SC?

yes

What is an excellent sedative for swine, ferrets, rabbits, and birds?

midazolam

What is the reversal agent for benzodiazepines?

flumazenil

What happens when fumazenil wears off?

animal may re-sedate

What is zolazepam combined with?

tiletamine

In what form does zolazepam come in?

powdered

How long is zolazepam good after reconstitution?

24 hours

What are alpha-adrenoceptor agonists also called?

alpha agonists

Are alpha agonists controlled?

no

List routes of admin alpha agonists can be administered.

im or iv

Which is administered prior to minor procedures: benzodiazepines or alpha agonists?

alpha agonists

What reverses alpha agonists?

alpha antagonists

Name all the alpha agonists.

xylazine, dexmedetomidine, detomidine, romifidine, zenalpha

Alpha agonists decreases the release of…

norepinephrine

Where are alpha agonists metabolized?

liver

Where are alpha agonists excreted?

urine

Should alpha agonists be used in patients with comprised hepatic or renal function?

no

How fast do alpha agonists take to sedate when administered IV?

5-15 minutes

How fast do alpha agonists take to sedate when administered IM?

15-30 minutes

Do alpha agonists provide analgesia?

yes

Can alpha-2 agonists cause cardiac arrythmias?

yes

What kind of cardiac arrythmias can alpha 2 agonists cause?

1st and 2nd degree av block

Why should you not give alpha agonists to debilitated patients?

affects cardiovascular system

Alpha agonists ______ the amount of anesthetic agents needed.

decrease

Should alpha-2 agonists be used in pregnant animals? Why?

no, may induce parturition

What are the GI effects of alpha agonists in dogs?

bloat

What should you watch for when monitoring a patient on an alpha agonist?

hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, hypothermia, vomiting, and parturition

To what patients should an anticholinergic be given 10-20 minutes prior to an alpha agonist?

bradycardia or 1st degree AV block

Should you use epinephrine with an alpha agonist? Why?

no, may potentiate effects

What is xylazine mainly used for?

induce vomiting in cats

What is the trade name for dexmedetomidine?

dexdomitor

What is the trade name for oral dexmedetomidine?

sileo

What are the reversals for xylazine?

yohimbine, atipamezole, tolazoline

What is dexmedetomidine dosed off of?

body surface area vs weight

What size dogs is dexmedetomidine commonly used in?

small dogs

What is dexmedetomidine most commonly mixed with?

butorphanol

Detomidine is ____ the sedation of xylazine.

twice

Does detomidine provide analgesia in the gel form?

no

What kind of animal does romifidine have serious side effects for?

ruminants

Romifidine produces…

less ataxia

What is zenalpha made of?

medetomidine plus vatinoxin

What is the only animal zenalpha is approved for?

dogs

Which of the ingredients in zenalpha is the alpha agonist?

medetomidine

Which of the ingredients in zenalpha is the alpha antagonist?

vatinoxin

Zenalpha has a _______, _________ duration.

quicker, shorter

Alpha antagonists have a _____ margin of safety.

wide

What are the adverse GI effects of alpha antagonists?

salivation and diarrhea

What are the adverse cardiovascular effects of alpha antagonists?

hypotension and tachycardia

What are the adverse neurological effects of alpha antagonists?

excitement and muscle tremors

A ratio of 10:1 means that the dose of the antagonist is _____ of the dose of the agonist for reversal.

1/10

Administer alpha antaonists ___ during emergencies.

IV

Name alpha antagonists.

tolazoline, yohimbine, atipamezole

Tolazoline is used for the reversal of ______ in _______

xylazine, horses

What is the ratio for tolazoline in horses?

10:1

What does yohimbine reverse?

xylazine

What is the ratio for yohimbine in dogs and horses?

10:1

What is the ratio for yohimbine in cats?

2:1

What is the trade name for atipamezole?

antisedan

What does drugs does atipamezole reverse?

dexmedetomidine, medetomidine, romifidine, xylazine

Should you give atipamezole in cats?

no

Cats should receive ____ the dose of atipamezole of dogs.

1/2