________: retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones dont respond.
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Lens
________: transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.
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Iris
________: ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
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Accommodation
________: process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.
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Young Helmholtz
________ trichromatic (three- color) theory: theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, on to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
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single bipolar cells
Each cone transmits to a(n) ________ that helps relay the cones individual messages to the visual cortex, which devotes and large area to input the fovea.
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Intensity
________: the amount of energy in light or sound waves, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, determined by the waves amplitude (height)
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visual scene
To analyze a(n) ________, the brain divides it into subdimensions- motion, form, depth, color- and works on each aspect simultaneously.
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Cones
________: retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well- lit conditions.
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Supercell clusters
________ in other critical brain areas respond to more complex patterns.
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Davide Hubel
________ and Torsten Wiesel received a nobel prize for their work on feature detectors.
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Hue
________: dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.
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central focus
Fovea: ________ point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster (figure 18.3)
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Pupil
________: adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.
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optic nerve
Blind spot: point at which the ________ leaves the eye, creating a "blind "spot because no receptor cells are located there (figure 18.5)
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visual cortex
In the ________, feature detectors respond to specific features of the visual stimulus.
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Visible light
________ is a very small section of the electromagnetic spectrum (figure 18.1)
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Wavelength
________ determines the lights hue.
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pupil
(3) Surrounding the ________ is the iris, a colored muscle that dilates or constricts in response to light intensity or inner emotions.
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18-1
What is the energy that we see as visible light, and how does the eye transform light energy into neural messages
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The Stimulus Input
Light Energy
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Wavelength
distance from the peak of one wave to the next peak
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Hue
dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
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Ex
the colors we know, blue, green, etc,
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Intensity
the amount of energy in light or sound waves, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, determined by the waves amplitude (height)
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Pupil
adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
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Iris
ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
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Lens
transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
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Retina
light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
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Accommodation
process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
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Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones dont respond
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Cones
retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions
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Optic nerve
nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
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Blind spot
point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there (figure 18.5)
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Fovea
central focus point in the retina, around which the eyes cones cluster (figure 18.3)
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Cones
detail and color
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Rods
Faint light
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18-2
How do the eye and the brain process visual information
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Ex
Turn your eyes to the left, close them, and then gently rub the right side of your eyelid with your fingertip
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Feature detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement
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Parallel processing
processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision
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Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory
theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, on to blue-which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color
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Ex
there are no receptors sensitive to yellow, we see yellow when mixing red and green light, which stipulates both red and green sensitive cones
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Opponent-process theory
theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
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Ex
some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
Studied by 5 people
