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What type of cells are more complex organisms?
eukaryotic cells
Fill in the gap: "prokaryotic cells are often ____________ __________ ______________"
single celled organisms
Where is a cell membrane found?
found on the inside of cell walls
What is a cell membrane compromised of?
lipids and proteins
What does the cell membrane do?
regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell
Why does the cell membrane have a receptor?
to respond to chemicals
What is the nucleus surrounded by?
a double membrane
What is the double membrane surrounding the nucleus called?
Nuclear envelope
What does the nuclear envelope have?
nuclear pores
What does the nucleus contain?
Linear DNA in the form of chromatin
What is chromatin wrapped around? What is this called?
A protein, called Histones
What is embedded in the nucleoplasm?
nucleolus
What does a nucleus do?
Controls the cells activities
What does the DNA within the nucleus do?
DNA codes for the formation of proteins via mRNA which is released through nuclear pores
Where are ribosomes made?
nucleolus
Describe the structure of a mitochondria?
oval shape with a double membrane
What does the inner membrane do in mitochondria? what is the name of what is formed?
folds to make structures called cristae
What is the fluid inside mitochondria called?
matrix
What does the matrix fluid inside the mitochondria contain?
contains enzymes, needed for aerobic respiration
What does the mitochondria contain?
its own DNA and ribosomes
What is the function of mitochondria?
The site of aerobic respiration to release energy
What is golgi?
stack of fluid filled, membrane bound sacs
What is seen at the edge of golgi?
Vesicles
What does golgi modify?
proteins
What does Golgi make?
lysosomes
Describe the structure of Vesicles
small membrane bound, fluid filled, sac
What is vesicles produced from?
Often produced from the golgi apparatus
What do vesicles do?
store and transports proteins and lipids around and out of the cell
Describe the structure of Lysosomes.
circular organelle with a single membrane
What is a lysosome?
A vesicle which contain digestive enzymes
What is the name of the digestive enzymes lysosomes contain?
lysozymes
What is lysosomes used for?
Is used to separate digestive enzymes from the other parts of the cell, used to digest foreign material and 'worn' organelles
What do centrioles do?
creates microtubes during mitosis (prophase) to attach to centromeres on sister chromotids to separate them
What are spindle fibers made of?
microtubules
Describe the size of ribosomes
small
Where are ribosomes found?
often found free in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum (rough)
What are ribosomes a compromise of?
proteins and RNA
Do ribosomes have a membrane?
no membrane
what are ribosomes the site of?
protein synthesis
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
conjoined fluid filled membranes which are embedded with ribosomes
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
folds and processes polypeptides into proteins which have been created by ribosomes
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
conjoined fluid filled membranes which are without ribosomes
What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?
synthesis and process of lipids ad carbohydrates
What are the 3 main types of filament proteins that make up the cytoskeleton?
actin filaments microtubes intermediate filaments
What is the cytoskeleton needed for?
Needed to moe organelles around a cell to specific locations
What do the filaments that make up the cytoskeleton provide for the cell?
Provides support for the cell
What does the cytoskeleton allow?
Allows cells to change shape for movement
What cells are chloroplasts found in?
plant and algal cells
What surrounds chloroplasts? What is it called?
double membrane chloroplast envelope
What is the fluid inside the chloroplast envelope called?
stroma
What does chloroplast contain? What is this called?
flattened sacs individually called thylakoids
What do thylakoids contain?
chlorophyll
What is lamellae?
the interconnections between grana
What is grana?
stack of thylakoids
What are chloroplasts the site of?
photosynthesis
What can be found in chloroplasts? Why?
starch grains, as it is the site of photosynthesis
What 2 things do chloroplasts also contain?
their own DNA ribosomes
Why do chloroplasts contain ribosomes?
to synthesise their own proteins for photosynthesis
What is a vacuole?
single membrane bound organelle, containing cell sap
What is the name of the membrane surrounding the vacuole?
tonoplast
What does cell sap consist of?
consists of a solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and some pigments
What does a vacuole contain? What is this used for?
contains the pigments which may colour petals used to attract pollinators
What is the vacuole in plants cells for?
tugor support
What does the vacuole act as?
a temporary food store
What cell types are cell walls found in?
bacteria plants fungi algae
In plant and alage cells, what is the cell wall composed of?
cellulose
Describe the location of cellulose fibres.
the cellulose fibres are embedded in a matrix
What is the cell wall compromised of in fungi cells?
chitin
What is the middle lamellae?
the layer between the adjecent cell wall
What does the middle lamellae do?
cements cells together
What is the cell wall needed for?
cellular support under turgor pressure from osmosis
What is plasmodesmata?
pores in cell wall
What plasmodesmata allow?
allows the flow of water from one plant cell to the next
Algal cells have a cell wall of what?
cellulose and chloroplasts
What is special about alagal cells?
they can be unicellular or multicellular
What is the difference between plant and algal cells? (in terms of chloroplast)
alagal cells often have one large chloroplast rather than many smaller ones like plant cells
What is special about fungal cells?
they can be multicellular or unicellular
Give an example of a unicellular fungal cell.
yeast
Give an example of a multicellular fungal cell.
mushroom
True or False: Fungal cells have chloroplast
False; fungal cells do not have chloroplasts
What makes up an organism?
cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
Phosolipid bilayer membrane diagram
Nucleus diagram
Mitochondrian diagram
Golgi diagram
Chloroplast diagram
Vesicles diagram
Ribosomes diagram
Rough endoplasmic reticulum diagram
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum diagram
Vacuole diagram
Cell wall diagram
Compare eukaryotic cells to prokaryotic cells. (in terms of size)
prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells
What type of cells are unicellular (single celled)?
prokaryotic cells
Compare the structure of eukaryotic and prokaryotic.
prokaryotic cells are much simpler in structure than eukaryotic cells
state one difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelle
Where is bacterial DNA found?
nucleoid
describe the DNA in a nucleoid
the DNA is free in the cell wall and not associated with proteins. It exists as a single circular chromosome.
What are plasmids?
smaller circular pieces of DNA that can replicate independently from the main chromosomal DNA
Where are the genes of antibiotic resistance often found?
Plasmids
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