AP GoPo Basics Test

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60 Terms

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)
The court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws (judicial review)
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Baker v. Carr (1961)

SC reformulated how districts could be reapportioned; "one man, one vote" (cannot give some districts more power than others)

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Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Ruled that the First amendment prohibits the government from limiting independent political expenditures by corporations and unions; corporations are people

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Schneck v. US (1918)
Ruled that due to "clear and present danger", Schneck's actions were not protected under free speech
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Tinker v. Des Moines (1968)
Ruled that students could wear the armbands as "a legitimate form of symbolic speech" as students' rights are "not shed at the schoolhouse gates."
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New York Times v. US (1971)

Ruled the government did not have the right to prevent publication as it was a violation of the First Amendment; prohibited prior restraint

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Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Ruled that prayer in public schools could not be mandated because of the First Amendment's Establishment Clause
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Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Rule that a state could not force Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade because it was against their religion and violated the Free Exercise Clause
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McDonald v. Chicago (2010)
Due Process Clause ensures the Second amendment right of an individual to keep and bear arms is applied to the states as well
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Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Upheld the Sixth amendment right to an attorney and overturned Betts v. Brady
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Roe v. Wade (1973) *not really required anymore
Ruled that women have an absolute right to abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy based on a constitutionally protected right to privacy, though a state can pose restrictions on the second and third trimesters
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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, stating that "separate but equal" is inherently unequal and race-based segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause. Schools were ordered to integrate.
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Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Reversed the lower-court decision, stating that the "bizarre" shape of the new district "bears an uncomfortable resemblance to political apartheid."; The court also ruled that race could be used to make districts that were racially balanced

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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Ruled that a state does not have the right to tax a federal institution, finding that "the power to tax is the power to destroy."; Confirmed the Supremacy Clause and the power to create a national bank under the Elastic Clause

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U.S. v. Lopez (1995)
Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress's authority to regulate interstate commerce. The first case to begin reigning in Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause.
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Federalist 10

Argued that the formation of several factions (political parties) provides the country with diversity and protects minority rights by forcing compromise; The more groups there are, the less likely tyranny is to happen

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Federalist 51
Argued that the federal govt. is limited in power through the system of check and balances embedded within the three branches.
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Federalist 70

US requires a singular, strong, energetic executive; necessary in times of crisis for decisiveness; will be watched more closely than a group of executives

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Federalist 78

Defined the purpose and need of an independent judiciary and established it as the weakest branch in the Constitution's proposed three-branch system; Explained why judges should get office for life—to protect them from political pressures of Congress and/or the president.

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Brutus 1

Argued that the Constitution gave the federal govt. too much power and that the power of state govts. would become nullified; Claimed that the legislative branch's power was unlimited, and this was a threat to our newfound individual liberty.

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Declaration of Independence
Official document that separated the American colonies from the British Empire under King George III
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Articles of Confederation
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
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U.S. Constitution
A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.
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Letter from Birmingham Jail
Explained the importance and value of nonviolent direct action to resist racism and injustice
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First Amendment
Freedom of speech, press, petition, religion, assembly
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Second Amendment
Right to keep and bear arms
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Third Amendment
No peacetime quartering of troops
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Fourth Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
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Fifth Amendment
Rights of the accused, including due process of law, grand jury indictment, protection from double jeopardy, and protection from self-incrimination
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Sixth Amendment
Rights of the accused, including a speedy trial, impartial peer jury, witnesses on your behalf, right to an attorney, right to know who accused you and for what
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Seventh Amendment
Right to a speedy trial by jury in civil cases
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Eighth Amendment
No excessive bail/fines and no cruel and unusual punishment
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Ninth Amendment
Rights not mentioned in the Constitution are retained by the people
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Tenth Amendment
All powers not given to the national govt./denied to the states are reserved for the states/people (reaffirmation of Framers' plan for limited govt.)
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11th Amendment
Judicial limits—you can't sue a state through the federal court system, you have to go through that state's court system (including foreign countries)
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12th Amendment
Result of the Election of 1800—electors vote separately for President and VP
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13th Amendment
Freed all slaves without owner compensation; legally forbade slavery in the US
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14th Amendment
Declared all citizens entitled to equal rights regardless of race at both state and national levels; reaffirmed 5th amendment
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15th Amendment
African American males given the right to vote— "right not denied or abridged by race"
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16th Amendment
Congress can levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on census data
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17th Amendment
US Senators' elections shifted from state legislatures to the popular vote
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18th Amendment
Prohibition
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19th Amendment
Women's suffrage— "right to vote not denied or abridged by sex"
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20th Amendment
Presidential terms set to begin January 20th, Congress January 3rd; shortened gap between changes
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21 Amendment
Ended prohibition
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22nd Amendment
Presidential term limit (2)
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23 Amendment
Washington DC residents can vote; electoral count 538
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24 Amendment
Eliminated poll tax for federal elections
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25th Amendment
Clarifies Presidential line of succession and establishes rules for VP takeover in times of Presidential disability
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26th Amendment
Voting age lowered from 21 to 18
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27th Amendment
Congressional pay changes don't take effect until the next term (basically, people can't give themselves more money just like that) (1992)
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Articles of the Constitution
Legislative, Executive, Judicial, States, Amendments, Supremacy, Ratification
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House of Representatives Requirements
minimum age 25; citizenship: native born or naturalized; Residency: 7 years in state; Term in office: 2 years; Maximum terms: none
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Senate Requirements

30 years old, U.S. citizen for 9 years, and resident of state; Term in office: 6 years

Maximum terms: none

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Congress's Powers
Tax, coin money, declare war, regulate commerce, implied power comes from "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause, override veto with 2/3 vote in both chambers
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House of Representatives
Begins all revenue bills, selects pres if not EC majority, initiated impeachment proceedings
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Senate
Approves presidential appointments, tries impeachment proceedings, unlimited debate
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Presidential Requirements

Must be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen of the US, and a resident for at least 14 years; Term: 4 years

Maximum terms: 2 (10 years max if 2 years was from vice presidency)

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Presidential Powers

Formal: grant pardons, make treaties, sign/veto bills, appoint ambassadors + justices + other officials

Informal: issue executive orders, executive privilege, signing statements, creating executive agencies

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Judicial Power
the power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning, and to settle disputes that arise within the society