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SC reformulated how districts could be reapportioned; "one man, one vote" (cannot give some districts more power than others)
Ruled that the First amendment prohibits the government from limiting independent political expenditures by corporations and unions; corporations are people
Ruled the government did not have the right to prevent publication as it was a violation of the First Amendment; prohibited prior restraint
Reversed the lower-court decision, stating that the "bizarre" shape of the new district "bears an uncomfortable resemblance to political apartheid."; The court also ruled that race could be used to make districts that were racially balanced
Ruled that a state does not have the right to tax a federal institution, finding that "the power to tax is the power to destroy."; Confirmed the Supremacy Clause and the power to create a national bank under the Elastic Clause
Argued that the formation of several factions (political parties) provides the country with diversity and protects minority rights by forcing compromise; The more groups there are, the less likely tyranny is to happen
US requires a singular, strong, energetic executive; necessary in times of crisis for decisiveness; will be watched more closely than a group of executives
Defined the purpose and need of an independent judiciary and established it as the weakest branch in the Constitution's proposed three-branch system; Explained why judges should get office for life—to protect them from political pressures of Congress and/or the president.
Argued that the Constitution gave the federal govt. too much power and that the power of state govts. would become nullified; Claimed that the legislative branch's power was unlimited, and this was a threat to our newfound individual liberty.
30 years old, U.S. citizen for 9 years, and resident of state; Term in office: 6 years
Maximum terms: none
Must be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen of the US, and a resident for at least 14 years; Term: 4 years
Maximum terms: 2 (10 years max if 2 years was from vice presidency)
Formal: grant pardons, make treaties, sign/veto bills, appoint ambassadors + justices + other officials
Informal: issue executive orders, executive privilege, signing statements, creating executive agencies