(WIP) themes 4-6 roman archaeology | Quizlet

Early Roman Period

19 BC - 70 AD

Middle Roman Period

70 - 270/293 AD

270; important archaeological date

293; historical end of middle roman period

Late Roman Period

270/293 - 480 AD

Romans entering the Low Countries

19 BCE

Romans entering Gaul

55 BCE

Romans entering England

43 BCE

De Bello Gallico

Ego document of Juilius Caesar

Earliest written source available for the Low Countries

Augustus' Frontier Politics

moved the tribes that were friendly with the Roman Empire to the other side of the Rhine to strengthen the frontier

Nijmegen Castra

19-16 BCE (dated via coinage)

Pre-dates the province

Frontier foothold

Drusus Campaigns (15-9 BCE)

Campaigns into Germania

Nijmegen-Kops Plateau; headquarters of Drusus

9 BCE; Death of Drusus = temp stop

Camps along the Lippe (12-11 BCE)

Oberaden; had more than 1 legion

Haltern (7-9 BCE); beginning of recognising military camp features in soil

Waldgrimes an der Lahn (5 BCE)

Early stages of a Roman city in Germania

Found out via Forum; city centre, not a military camp (thought to be because ditches)

Administrative centre of a province

Varus Defeat (9 CE)

Location: Teutoburg Forest

German ambush, led by Arminius and the Cherusci

Three legions under P.Q. Varus defeated

Around 15000 soldiers + support train

Legionary standards lost

end of Augustan expansion

Consequences of the Varus Defeat

Direct consequences:

- Loss of the 17th, 18th, and 19th legions

- Punititve expeditions 11 and 14-16 CE recover legionary standards

- Waldgrimes unfinished = no province Germania

- Lippe forts Haltern, Oberaden, and others broken down

Indirect consequences:

- Romans went from offensive to defensive

- Rhine became de-facto border

Roman army structure

1 contubernium = 8 soldiers

10 contuberniae = 1 centuria (80 soldiers)

6 centuriae = 1 cohors (480 soliders)

Legion; first cohort of 10 centuriae

9 cohorts of 6 centuriae = 5120 soldiers

Seen in legionary camps

Limes

latin: frontier; a border zone

archaeological meaning: all military infrastructure along the border of the Roman empire

Lower Rhines Limes

23 Castella

Originally used for fortifications

Connected infrastructure together

Valkenburg / Praetorium Agrippinae

May 10th, 1940; Valkenburg was bombed and city centre was destroyed

under city centre; very well preserved Roman army camp barrack wooden foundations

Known to be this location due to pottery sherd that names it in a partial inscription

Barracks had bunks, small residential area, things for tools

possible legionary camp with vitus

Castellum / Castella

Praetentura; front division of a camp

Retentura; rear division of a camp

Principia; staff HQ

Praetorium; commander's house

Horrea; grain storage

Lower Rhine Castella

Narrower layout because of smaller area along the river with ideal building soil

Batavian Revolt

Julius Civilis pretends to fight for Vespasian
Pawn Brinno (Cananefatians) start hostilities
J. Civilis destroys Vitellius' army units
J. Civilis first against, and then with Treverans and Lingones, mobilizes Germanic tribes as well
Gallic troops defeated by Romans one by one
J. Civilis cornered
ends with negotiations between Civilis and Roman general Cerialis

Batavian Revolt; Archaeological Evidence

Burnt layers at military posts;

Valkenburg

Utrecht

Zwa

Vetera (Xanten; Germany)

Burnt layers at cities:

Nijmegen (NL)

Tongeren (B)

Metz (Fr.)

Sarrebourg (Fr.)

Consequences of Batavian Revolt

Vespasian wins; Flavian dynasty

10th Legion stationed at Nijmegen

Oppidum Batavorum not rebuilt; new city in the river plain (the later Ulpia Noviomagus)

Army camps rebuilt

Gallic elite loses land, claimed by emperor

New elite families; end of Gallic Iulii -> Claudii - Flavii

Batavians and Dutch river communities

Antiqua societas; Batavians exempt

Approximate foundation period of earliest Roman cities

16-10 BCE

Oppidum

Cities and towns were essential for the operation of the Roman Empire in the political, ideological, and economical sense (administration, cultus (religion), trade, culture)

Ex. Tongres (B), Atuatuca Tungrorum

Main functions of a Roman Town

Government hub, centre of the district (civitas)

Justice / Legislation (Forum)

Trade, market (Forum)

Religious centre (emperor cult)

Craft production; pottery, metal, glass, food

Games and leisure; amphitheatre, theatre, bathhouse)

Elite residence (donations of games and buildings; munificentia)

Import of food necessary (along own production)

Essential in state organization

Municipium

Existing cities that have received legal status within the Roman Empire

ex. Nijmegen, Voorburg, Tongeren (made under Antoninus Pius)

Colonia

Newly founded city under Roman law

ex.

AD 50; Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensiumc.

AD 98; Colonia Ulpia Traiana

Colonia Augusta Treverorum (Claudius' Reign)

Vicus meanings

1.) Cities without official status sometimes with small council

Ex. Maastricht, Heerlen, early phase of of Nijmegen and Voorburg

2.) All settlements along roads with some central functions = Cuijk

3.) Civilian settlement in Late Roman period

4.) Military Vicus; Citizen city near a castellum

Nijmegen urban stages

Opp. Batavorum (< 69 CE)

Ulpia Noviomagus (Trajan)

Municipium Ulpia (Antoninus)

Noviomagus Batavorum (??)

Villa

Houses on stone foundations with red tiled roofs and portifices

Has large storage buildings capable of storing 100k kg

Agricultural settlements that produce a surplus for cities and armies

presents asymmetrical social relationships; shackles of slaves within villa

wall paintings of Roman myth

Villas and change and development

Morphological; Architecture, spatial organisation

Economic; How crops are grown, processed, sold, traded

Social; Relationships between people living in these villa settlements and the surrounding areas

Cultural; Traditions of bathing (mediterranean trad), dining, symposium

Villa Landscape

Higher up north; less fertile sandy/clay soils

Good for animals, byrehouses found

Non-Villa Landscape

just a few villas

Sandy region; poor soils

Oss 5

Late Iron Age going into Early Roman Period

Double posts inline with each other

Roof bearing posts not large and deep

Oss 5/Alphen-Ekeren

Late Iron Age going into Early Roman Period

Central roof bearing posts, larger and deeper

Double posts as well

Type in between Oss 5 and Alphen-Ekeren

Alphen-Ekeren

Large roof-bearing posts in the center

Wall ditches / wall posts

Oss 8

Deeply set center roof bearing posts

Dividing into two aisles

Oss 9

Two rows of roof bearing posts

Three aisle parts

Combination house since center roof bearing posts present as well

Late Roman Period; historical dates

Crisis of the 3rd cent. (Severan Emperors); (193-235 CE)

Soldier Emperors (235-284 CE)

Gallic Empire (260-274 CE)

Limesfall (259/260)

Restoration under Diocletian and his Tetrarchy (284-305 CE)

re-organisation of the provinces (prefecture of Gaul / Germania Secunda) (293 CE)

Germania Inferior transitioned into ____ in ___

Germania Inferior transitioned into Germania Secunda in 293 CE. congrats on the transition

Limesfall

Obergermanisch-Raetische limes fall

Attack of Germanic groups, evidence of destruction then no later activity

does the Limesfall apply to the Lower Rhine region

no

why;

no refs in written sources

coin lists stop in 274

no destruction in layers

Late Roman Limes main ordering principle

Defense in depth; not a single line but various defensive sectors

Germania Secunda limes sectors

Nijmegen, Xanten; civil centres are left, new military foritications

Burgi along main roads especially road to Cologne

Late Roman changes in Nijmegen

Ulpa Noviomagus; civitas capital until late 3rd cent

After late 3rd cent. No civilian center

Valkhof castellum; military

Cemeteries date; 270/300-425 CE

Late Roman changes in Xanten

Old situation colonia Ulpia Traiana; civtas capital

New situational new wall around the core 9 insulae

Name; Tricensimae at the 30th garrison of the 30th legion

Hypothesis; no civitas capital anymore, just military fortifications

what happened to the other Late Roman towns

North of the road; depopulated

South of the road; most villas remained

Rural settlements ending

Settlements abandoned in late Roman period

Settlement habitation ends in 210-240 CE

Found through well dating and dendrochronology

Reoccupation of rural settlements

5th century by new immigrant groups

Similar to previous settlements but are now Germanic house types

New crop; rye

Sunken huts, dug into the ground and partially below the surface level

New houses by Germanic immigrants

ex. Goirle-Huzarenwei (late 4th-450 CE)

Foederati and the Roman State

name given to Germanic tribes working with Rome

Rome gives; gold, silver, ornaments, weapons

Foederati gives; military support

then they do the same with war bands