Practice Test: Chapter 02: Traditional and Contemporary Management Perspectives

Assumptions may not be realistic.

Which of the following is a potential drawback to the quantitative management perspective?

It does not increase overall understanding of the organizational process.

There is an overabundance of decision-making tools.

It cannot be used for planning and controlling.

Assumptions may not be realistic.

Robert Owen

Whose works should you study if you want to understand the origins of the recognition of the importance of human resources and the personal welfare of workers?

Max Weber

Robert Owen

Lillian Gilbreth

Charles Babbage

synergy

DynaView produced a cartoon program that became extremely popular. DynaView went on to create toys and games based on the characters in the program, launch a breakfast cereal featuring the program's characters, and start a line of children's clothing. All of these separate divisions within DynaView benefit from the success of the others. In this situation, according to the systems perspective, DynaView is benefiting from _____.

closed systems

entropy

contingency perspectives

synergy

Administrative

Which area of classical management should you study to learn more about managing the total organization?

Theory X and Theory Y

Administrative

Industrial psychology

Scientific

Theory X

Paramita believes that people naturally do not like work, and as a manager, she must control, direct, coerce, and even threaten her employees to get them to work toward the organization's goals. Paramita's management style is informed by which view within the behavioral management perspective?

Theory Y

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Theory X

Administrative management

People prefer to be directed and to avoid responsibility.

What is a Theory X assumption?

Under most organizational conditions, people's potential is underutilized.

People seek responsibility under favorable conditions.

People view work as a natural part of their lives.

People prefer to be directed and to avoid responsibility.

Quantitative

Management science and operations management are the two branches of which management theory?

Administrative

Quantitative

Human relations

Behavioral

Social responsibility

Whenever Jena's Juice introduces a new flavor, the company donates five cents for each unit sold to fund breast cancer research. Jena's Juice is responding to what contemporary management challenge?

Ethics

Globalization

Quality

Social responsibility

As the basis for new, personal theories

ow can managers use knowledge of theory and history in contemporary organizations?

To apply rules of scientific management to current issues being faced

As the basis for new, personal theories

As a way to set organizational goals

As abstract ideas

Contingency

Avec runs an organization that is in a rapidly changing environment. Which management perspective should Avec take when planning how to respond to changes in the environment?

Contingency

Administrative

Systems

Behavioral

It does not attempt to identify one best way.

In what way is the contingency perspective different from universal perspectives?

It does not attempt to identify one best way.

It is effective only when used in a closed system.

It can be generalized to other situations.

It encourages rewarding employees to avoid entropy.

Enhancing quality lowers costs

What is true regarding quality as a contemporary management challenge?

Enhancing quality results in more waste

Enhancing quality lowers costs

Enhancing quality raises costs

Enhancing quality lowers productivity

Management science

Farida, a manager at Pepper Edison Bank, uses mathematical models to figure out how many cashiers need to be on duty at each location at various times throughout the day. Which of the following approaches is used by Farida?

Management science

Scientific management 

Operations management

Organizational behavior

Entropy

Which of the following refers to a normal process leading to system decline?

Theory Y

Synergy

System

Entropy

soldiering

Jinhua discovered that many of his employees were deliberately working at a pace lower than their capabilities in order to get more hours. Learning from the work of Frederick W. Taylor, Jinhua implemented a piecework pay system based on output in order to eliminate _____.

soldiering

planning

inefficacies of production

controlling

Solldiering

Which term refers to employees deliberately working at a pace slower than their capabilities?

Theory Y

Entropy

Synergy

Soldiering

The contingency perspective

Zereth recently made a lateral move in the company and now oversees a new department. She mentioned to a friend that the management style she used in her former department is falling flat with her new staff. They do not seem to respond to the same sorts of incentives, and she is looking for new ways to motivate and encourage them. Zereth's experience is consistent with which view of management?

The systems perspective

The classical theory

The contingency perspective

The behavioral theory

industrial psychology

Geert runs a mid-sized agricultural company and is facing conditions of rapid growth and labor supply shortages. If Geert adopts the principles of behavioral management theory, he is most likely to address his immediate concerns using _____.

mathematical models

job redesign

industrial psychology

organizational restructuring

entropy

Many brick-and-mortar stores are facing challenges from online sales companies. According to systems theory, a primary objective of management at these traditional companies would be to keep pace with these changes in the marketplace in order to avoid _____.

open systems

entropy

a lack of a universal perspective

synergy

management science

Aviva has mathematical models that she relies on at the start of each new project to determine how to allocate the resources within her department. Aviva is making use of _____.

management science

administrative management

scientific management

Theory X and Theory Y

The historical context can help managers avoid the mistakes of others.

Why is it important for managers to study history?

History can provide a mechanistic point of view of management.

History can provide a conceptual framework for organizing knowledge.

The historical context can help managers avoid the mistakes of others.

Understanding historical context can provide a blueprint for action.

Improved awareness and understanding of complex processes and situations

Which of the following is a contribution of the quantitative management perspective?

Less need for planning and controlling processes

Elimination of unrealistic or unfounded assumptions

Improved awareness and understanding of complex processes and situations

Ability to predict the behavior of workers

attempt to identify the one best way to do something

Universal perspectives _____.

state that managerial behavior in a situation depends on unique elements

state that each organization is unique

attempt to identify the one best way to do something

suggest that general theories cannot be applied to organizations

Diversity

What is the term that describes differences among people?

Diversity

Norms

Ethics

Culture

Malcolm Gladwell

_____ wrote the books The Tipping Point, Blink, and Outliers.

Michael Porter

Malcolm Gladwell

Stephen Covey

Scott Adams

Other important skills may not be considered.

What is a potential limitation of the quantitative management perspective?

It cannot be used for planning or controlling processes.

It does not include sophisticated technique for decision making.

It limits a manager's awareness and understanding of complex issues.

Other important skills may not be considered.

Scientific

Which type of management deals with improving the performance of individual employees?

Operations

Quantitative

Scientific

Administrative

Norms

Which of the following influences patterns of work-related behavior and attitudes towards work?

Social responsibility

Norms

Quality

Organizational configuration

Entropy

What might occur to an organization when it does not monitor feedback from its environment and make adjustments as needed?

Paradigm shift

Entropy

Generalization

Synergy

Mathematical model

What is a simplified representation of a system, process, or relationship?

Subsystem

Closed system

Mathematical model

Gantt chart

an unpredictable economy that limits growth

One of the most critical challenges facing managers today is _____.

a sense of homogeneity among employees

an unpredictable economy that limits growth

the new paradigm that has replaced traditional views

to efficiently produce products or services

The attention on management as a valid subject of scientific inquiry

Which of the following is one of the key contributions of the classical management perspective?

The idea that employees are resources, not tools

Applied scientific inquiry to dynamic and complex organizations

The attention on management as a valid subject of scientific inquiry

Use of universal procedures that are appropriate in all settings

Organizational behavior

Which approach in management acknowledges that human behavior is much more complex than the human relationists realized?

Operations management

Quantitative perspective

Management science

Organizational behavior

The contingency perspective

Anke assumed that, like her, all of her students would want to earn the highest grades possible and that would motivate them to do their best work. She was surprised to discover that many students were happy to just "get by" with an average grade. However, when Anke demonstrated how extra effort on certain coursework could translate into experience that could lead to a better job after graduation, a number of "average" students began to work harder. Anke's experience is consistent with which view of management?

The systems perspective

The quantitative theory

The contingency perspective

The behavioral theory

Social responsibility

Logan Chemicals has a long history of dumping waste in a local stream. Recently, it has made major efforts to reduce pollution in order to help clean up the environment. Logan Chemicals is responding to what contemporary management challenge?

Ethics

Globalization

Quality

Social responsibility

System

Which of the following is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole?

Synergy

Integrated framework

System

Entropy

Theory Y

Hua believes that people view work as a natural part of their lives. As a manager, he feels that he can get the best out of his staff by creating an environment in which they will seek and accept responsibility and where they will receive personal rewards when they reach certain goals. Hua's management style is informed by which view within the behavioral management perspective?

Theory Y

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Theory X

Administrative management

Charles Babbage

Which pioneer in management focused his attention on efficiencies of production?

The Romans

Charles Babbage

Robert Owen

The Babylonians

globalization

The availability of natural resources and the variation in government regulation are just two of the challenges posed by _____.

entropy

synergy

systems perspective

globalization

They are grounded in reality.

What is generally true about management theories that are used to build organizations and guide them to their goals?

They are scientific in nature,

They are grounded in reality.

They are simple.

They are abstract.

Administrative

The need to provide structure and direction to enable a growing group of middle managers to plan, organize, lead, and control calls for which management perspective within the new top management team?

Quantitative

Administrative

Human relations movement

Behavioral

The contingency perspective

Raphael believes that a single set of rules should be applied to all employees in all situations, with no variation. Juan, on the other hand, feels that employees and situations are unique. Rules should either be written with options to apply to different situations, or, ideally, they should be flexible. Juan's position is best aligned with which view of management?

The systems perspective

The classical theory

The contingency perspective

The behavioral theory

Operations management

Teresita is using break-even analysis to help the organization produce products most efficiently. What is Teresita using in this process?

Contingency perspective

Synergy

Systems perspective

Operations management

System

Which of the following includes inputs, transformation processes, outputs, and feedback in a way that allows them to function as an interrelated set of elements?

System

Outputs

Inputs

Feedback

human resources

Robert Owen, a British industrialist and reformer, recognized the importance of an organization's _____.

efficiencies of production

human resources

administrative management

productivity

Theory X

Which is a pessimistic and negative view of workers consistent with the views of scientific management, that claims people do not like work and try to avoid it?

Theory X

Theory Y

Behavioral management

Administrative management

Plato

Who was one of the first to describe job specialization practices?

The Egyptians

Plato

Alexander the Great

Al-Farabi

two or more subsystems working together to be more successful than working alone

Synergy refers to _____.

two or more subsystems working together to be more successful than working alone

a normal process leading to system decline

systems working independently to increase their degree of efficiency

the failure of an organization to monitor feedback from its environment

Charles Babbage

Who is considered to be the originator of modern management theory and practice?

Charles Babbage

Max Weber

Frederick Taylor

Henri Fayol

Management science

Lupita is using computer simulations to determine what will happen to parts produced by her company during extreme temperature changes. What will help Lupita in understanding potential changes?

Organizational behavior

Management science

Open systems

Operations managemen

organizational behavior

The contemporary field that focuses on behavioral perspectives on management is known as _____.

operations management

organizational behavior

quantitative management

management science

Frederick Taylor

Who was one of the earliest advocates of scientific management?

Lyndall Urwick

Frederick Taylor

Max Weber

Henri Fayol

The human element is very important in the workplace.

What was the final conclusion of the Hawthorne studies?

The human element is very important in the workplace.

Productions rates could be predicted based on mathematical models.

Workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace.

Managers must take a holistic view of labor.

Historical context of management

Which of the following can be used to provide managers a sense of heritage and avoid the mistakes of others?

The Hawthorne studies

Plato's job specialization description

The classical perspective

Historical context of management

avoid the mistakes of others

Managers at Ruth & Fishers Corp. recognize the value of history. The company maintains an extensive archival library of its old documents and records and has also employed a full-time corporate historian. This helps the managers _____.

avoid the mistakes of others

manage the behavior of their employees

maintain a code of ethics in the company

comply with government regulations

Human relations movement

Which approach to management suggested that workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace?

Operations management perspective

Human relations movement

Management sciences

Organizational behavior perspective

The units within an organization are interdependent.

What is the premise of an integrated framework to approaches to management?

Group processes are less important than scientific processes.

The units within an organization are interdependent.

Managers should rely on tools such as the scientific study of jobs.

Subsystems can be eliminated from consideration.

Contingency

Which perspective suggests that universal theories cannot be applied to organizations because each organization is unique?

Quantitative

Classical

Behavioral

Contingency

Open

Which type of system interacts with its environment?

Entropy

Closed

Open

Subsystems

Classical management perspective

Which perspective consists of two distinct branches, scientific management and administrative management?

Integrative management perspective

Behavioral management perspective

Quantitative management perspective

Classical management perspective

interdependence

The purchasing department at a printing business begins buying higher quality and more expensive paper. This leads to higher costs and cash flow problems identified by the finance department. Marketing notes that prices must be increased slightly, but that customer satisfaction improves, leading to more sales. According to the systems perspective, this scenario is an illustration of a subsystem with _____.

synergy

independence

entropy

interdependence

Hugo Münsterberg

Who is considered to be the key pioneer of industrial psychology because of his application of psychological concepts to industrial settings?

Max Weber

Abraham Maslow

Frederick Taylor

Hugo Münsterberg

It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers.

hich of the following is a feature of the quantitative management perspective?

It emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes.

It focuses on managing the total organization.

It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers.

It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers.

Douglas McGregor

Anke believes that a manager's concern for workers would lead to increased satisfaction. This, in turn, would increase performance. Who's theories would support this view?

Henry Gantt

Hugo Münsterberg

Henri Fayol

Douglas McGregor

Workers would rather be accepted by the group than make more money.

In an experiment on piecework, what did Mayo and his associates conclude?

Each employee would try to maximize their pay.

Workers produced more when they received special attention.

Workers would rather be accepted by the group than make more money.

Rate busters would set the pace for production.

They are systems within another system

Which of the following best defines subsystems?

They are systems that are not interdependent.

They are systems that interact with their environment.

They are systems that do not interact with their environment.

They are systems within another system

eliminate inefficiency

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth developed several important strategies to _____.

unify job specialization

improve output

eliminate inefficiency

eliminate soldiering

It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers.

Which of the following is a feature of scientific management?

It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers.

It focuses on managing the total organization.

It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers.

It emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes.

Corporate governance

AreaWhat is often at the center of debates on ethics and social responsibility?

The service economy

Norms

Quality

Corporate governance

Behavioral

In some countries, it is expected that people shake hands when they are introduced. In other cultures, the appropriate action is to bow slightly or to exchange business cards. These are examples of which type of process that vary in a global economy?

Systemic

Behavioral

Analytic

Universal

Enhancing quality lowers costs.

Which of the following is a reason why quality is an important management challenge today?

Improving quality requires an increase in workforce.

Enhancing quality results in more waste and rework.

Enhancing quality lowers costs.

Improving quality tends to decrease productivity.

Improving quality tends to increase productivity because making higher-quality products generally results in less waste and rework.

What is the relationship between quality and productivity?

Improving quality tends to increase productivity because making higher-quality products generally results in less waste and rework.

Improving quality tends to increase productivity because making higher-quality products generally results in more waste and rework.

Improving quality tends to decrease productivity because making higher-quality products generally results in less waste and rework.

Improving quality tends to decrease productivity because making higher-quality products generally results in more waste and rework.

Alexander the Great

Who or what could a manager study to see an early example of staff organization used to coordinate activities during military campaigns?

Al-Farabi

Ancient Egypt

Alexander the Great

The Roman Empire

subsystems

According to the systems perspective, the marketing, production, or finance functions of a company would all be considered _____.

closed systems

marginal systems

open systems

subsystems

He was the first to identify the specific managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

What was Henri Fayol's contribution to the field of management?

He suggested that psychologists could make valuable contributions to managers in the areas of employee selection and motivation.

He developed numerous techniques and strategies for eliminating inefficiency.

He determined what each worker should be producing and then designed the most efficient way of doing each part of the overall task.

He was the first to identify the specific managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Behavioral

Which management perspective helps contemporary managers recognize the importance of employees as valuable resources instead of mere tools?

Organizational behavior

Administrative

Quantitative

Behavioral

A conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action

What is a theory?

The means of measuring an organization's progress toward its goals

The determination of how activities and resources are to be grouped

The set of processes used to get members of an organization to work together

A conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action

Higher minimum working age

Which of the following was implemented by Owen?

Structured communication and control

Division of labor

Increased working hours

Higher minimum working age

it can be applied more directly to managerial situations

Because operations management is less mathematical and statistically less sophisticated than management science, _____.

it can be applied directly to operations, but not to areas such as human resource management

it can be applied to a much smaller range of problems

it can be applied more directly to managerial situations

it does not address efficiency

It placed more emphasis on individual attitudes, behaviors, and group processes.

What distinguishes the behavioral management perspective from earlier management theories?

It placed more emphasis on individual attitudes, behaviors, and group processes.

It conceptualized organizations as machines and workers as cogs within those machines.

It focused on how managers could control the behavior of their employees.

It emphasized the need to standardize employee behavior.

Quantitative

Supply chain management and enterprise resource planning are both management concepts that evolved from which management perspective and use of models to solve problems?

Administrative

Quantitative

Behavioral

Classical

A person's potential is often underutilized.

Which is an assumption of Theory Y?

Most people are not innovative.

People naturally dislike work.

A person's potential is often underutilized.

People will accept responsibility but not seek it out.