AP World History: Modern - Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (Developments in Europe) - Knowledge

Basic knowledge for 1.6 APWH.

How did European lords, kings, peasants, and priests try to solve problems?

creating agreements for the common defense

What remained most powerful in Europe until the 16th century?

Roman Catholic Church

What was European civilization like in this time period?

decentralized and based on feudalism

What did Europeans need protection from?

bandits

rival lords

Vikings from Northern Europe

other invaders

What was feudalism based on?

mutual obligations

Describe the relationship between kings and lords.

Lords became vassals to the king in exchange for land.

Describe the relationship between lords and knights.

Lords provided knights land in exchange for military service.

Describe the relationship between lords and peasants.

Lords provided land and protection to peasants in return for an obligation to work on the land and provide lord with crops/livestock and obedience.

How was wealth measured in feudal Europe?

land

What was the code of chivalry used for?

resolving disputes

How were women treated under the code of chivalry?

They were put on a pedestal but not given importance/rights.

What did the manorial system provide?

economic self-sufficiency

defense

What was the life of serfs like?

they stayed on a singular manor and did not know what happened in the rest of Europe

What was usually included in a manor?

church

blacksmith shop

wine press

mill

homes

What were some rules for serfs?

They could not leave the manor without permission (usually never) and had to ask permission to get married.

What was the relationship between serfs and lords?

They provided crops, labor, and sometimes coins in exchange for protection.

What led to greater arable farmland?

changes in climate and technology

Where were heavy and light plows used?

Heavier: mountainous Alps

Light: southern Europe

How did monarchies change in the later Middle Ages?

bureaucracy/military at the expense of feudal lords

What made the bureaucracy in later Middle Ages Europe than modern-day America?

It worked for the king and queen, not the country.

How were the clergy & nobility estates treated differently than commoners? How did this change their view on supporting the government? What did this eventually lead to?

They were not taxed and felt little responsibility to help a country they were not financing. This tension eventually led to being one of the causes of the French Revolution.

What greatly weakened the Holy Roman Empire?

the Thirty Years’ War

What caused the HRE to end?

Napoleon’s invasion in 1806

How did William the Conqueror organize his feudal system?

used royal sheriffs as administrative officials

What created the race of English people?

the fusion of the Normans and Anglo-Saxon peoples

How did nobles view the monarchy of England?

Many objected to their power.

What rights did nobles win with the Magna Carta?

right to a fair trial with a jury

right to be consulted about scutage

What were the two strongest governing bodies (other than monarchies) in Europe at the time?

House of Lords

House of Commons

What helped England win early victories in the Hundred Years’ War?

advanced 6 ft long bows

What territory did England get from the Hundred Years’ War?

French port of Calais

What unity was gained on each side from the Hundred Years’ War? What barriers did this override? What did this lead to?

Unity was gained from fighting for a singular monarch. This overrode languages/dialects. This led to an early form of nationalism.

What technology change the Hundred Years’ War and how did it get to Europe?

Gunpowder got to Europe, firstly made in China and spread by the Mongols.

Where did the Orthodox Church spread?

Greece to Russia

How did the Roman Catholic Church govern?

It had several hundred small states.

How was literacy in Europe at the time?

people often asked priests to read and write things for them

What did the imbalance in literacy do for the common people of European manors?

it created vernaculars to replace Latin

How did the church affect intellectualism in Europe?

It established the first European universities. Since it had a lot of influence, many philosophers were apart of the Church. All artists worked for the Church, creating religious art which could also teach illiterate serfs.

What was the relation between the Church and feudal lords?

They may pressure them if they did something wrong. One example is a bishop not doing mass for serfs, angering them into pressuring their lord to obey the Church.

How did the Roman Catholic Church organize its leadership?

It had a pope at the top, regional bishops, and local priests.

What was a monastery like?

It was a religious dwelling that acted as a manor.

How did monasteries view women?

They included them as nuns.

How were monasteries and religious leaders, economically?

Clergy took a vow of poverty but many monasteries became rich.

How was monasticism politically?

They wielded high political influence.

What 2 things led to corruption within monasteries?

wealth

political power

What would corruption within the Roman Catholic Church lead to?

Martin Luther’s 16th century reforms and second schism.

How did social unrest lead to the 11th century European invasion of the Middle East?

a military campaign would distract the upset nobles and unemployed peasants

What was an economic reason for the European invasion of the Middle East?

European merchants wanted access to Middle Eastern trade routes

What were some reasons for the Crusades?

tensions between popes and kings, leading to the Roman Catholic Church to seek more power

recruiting new members of the Roman Catholic Church

promises of getting to heaven faster if a Christian participated

Why did Orthodox Christians support the Crusades?

persecution of Christian pilgrims by Seljuk Turks

Which Orthodox leader appealed to Pope Urban II to join the Crusades?

patriarch at Constantinople

What happened in 1187 to Jerusalem (after first Crusade)?

Muslims reconquered it under Saladin.

How did the Crusades influence culture, society, and the economy?

There was a cultural exchange between Europeans and Muslims. European Crusaders gave a demand for Middle Eastern goods and the high quality of life there.

What city-state had a contract to transport soldiers during the Fourth Crusade?

Venice (north Italy)

What problem did Venice develop during the Fourth Crusade?

it wasn’t paid all what it was due

What did Venetians do to try to solve their problem in the Fourth Crusade?

they persuaded Crusade debtors to sack Zara (Italian city) & trade competitor of Venice (Constantinople)

What aspects of the Mongolian society surprise Marco Polo?

multiple marriages

drinking of mare’s milk

burning of coal to heat up homes

bathing 3 times a week (frequent in the eyes of Europeans)

What changed the social structure of Western Europe in this time period?

growth in long-distance commerce

How did ways of life change in Western Europe (vocationally) during this time period?

people sought economic success rather than religious vocation/military service, for it gave them higher status

Why did larger cities appear in Europe?

increase in commerce

population growth from the three-field system

agricultural surplus that needed markets

increase of demand for labor on manors from severe plagues

How did population loss from the Black Plague change society?

serfs got more power over lords

What problems did the Little Ice Age cause?

disease

unemployment

social unrest

What kinds of social problems were there during the Little Ice Age?

crime

increased discrimination of Jews

What happened to the Jewish population in the Middle Ages?

it grew

Where did Jews live during the Middle Ages?

Muslims areas on the Iberian Peninsula

Mediterranean when Christians overtook it

Northern Europe (wealthier Jews)

Which area welcomed Jews in particular and why?

Amsterdam and other commerical cities welcomed them because of their economic expertise.

In what order countries were Jews expelled from and when?

England (1290)

France (1394)

Spain (1492)

Portugal (1947)

Where did Jews move when they were expelled from Central Europe?

Eastern Europe

What happened to Spanish Muslims in 1942?

They were expelled by the Spanish king for not converting to Christianity.

Where did the Ottoman Empire expand to in the 13th century?

Turkey

Balkans

How did Jews play a role in the economic relations of Christians & Muslims?

they helped in trade between the groups

What helped shift Europe away from feudalism?

trade from the Muslim Caliphates

What 2 things decreased women’s rights even further?

1. patriarchal thinking

2. shift from agricultural to urban society

What were some privileges women had in the Middle Ages of Europe?

some managed manor accounts

religious orders

What were some women able to become at the time?

artisans

members of guilds (craftspeople/merchants)

What rights did many women not have at this time period?

education

owning property

Which places and religion granted many women rights at the time?

Muslim areas, especially Africa & Southeast Asia

What led to the Renaissance?

expansion of trade

agricultural surplus

middle class to patronize artists

What were scholars able to do in the Renaissance?

study decaying manuscripts

What were some changes brought by the Renaissance?

vernacular language

powerful monarchies

centralization of governments

nationalism

What did many Eastern Europeans trade in the Late Middle Ages?

furs

fish

grain

Who did Eastern European trade connect?

Scandinavian people

Mediterranean

Central Asia