Unit 1A Master Deck

Japan earthquake Background Info

8.9 Magnitude

Destructive Plate Boundary

15 Miles Depth

11th March 2011 2:46pm

Japan earthquake causes

Active Earthquake zone

Centre of 3 plates

Pacific Plate subducted under Eurasian Plate

Japan Economy

HIC

Japan Earthquake Deaths

15,894

Japan earthquake Injured

6,152

Japan Earthquake buildings damaged

332,395 buildings destroyed

roads, bridges, railways and hospitals destroyed

Other Japan earthquake primary effects

Blackouts -4.4 mil households

Liquefaction

Nuclear power - meltdown of 7 reactors

Japan earthquake damages cost

$235 Billion

Japan Earthquake people made homeless

300,000 people homeless

Other Japan earthquake secondary impacts

Fore + Aftershocks - 800 4.5 mag or more

Tsunami - 40m high wave

Nuclear crisis - flooded nuclear plant released radiation

Immediate responses Japan earthquake

Rescue services + army - clearing roads

temporary shelters

Japanese red cross - $1billion donations - gave 30,00 emergency relief kits + 14,000 sleeping kits

Doctors and nurses flown to help provide treatment

Japan Earthquake long term responses

Earthquake practices - 1st sep

rebuilding

Earthquake proofing buildings

Tsunami barriers 12 vs 18m

Early warning systems and prediction

Haiti Earthquake Background Info

7.0 Magnitude

Conservative Plate Boundary

8 Miles Depth

Tues 12 Jan 2010 - 4:53pm

Haiti Earthquake causes

Fault Locked in tension for 250 years

Caribbean + North American plate

Haiti Economy

LIC

70% live on >$2 a day

Economy based on agriculture

Slum Conditions

Haiti Earthquake Deaths

230,000

Haiti Earthquake injured

300,000

Haiti earthquake Buildings Damaged

250,000 houses + 30,000 commercial buildings collapsed or damaged

60% of gov buildings + 80% of schools destroyed or damaged

Port + airport control tower + hospitals damaged

Other Haiti earthquake primary effects

3.5 million affected

Haiti earthquake damages cost

$8 Billion - 120% of Haitian economy

Haiti Earthquake people left homeless

1.8 mil people homeless

Other Haiti Earthquake secondary impacts

Communication down

Disease outbreak - malaria and dengue

Mass migration

Immediate responses Haiti earthquake

Gov asked for international aid

Search and rescue - 2000 rescuers

130,00 food packets and 70,00 water containers distributed

Temporary shelters and ERs set up

Haiti earthquake long term responses

2 million received aid

nearby countries took refuges

EU gave $330 mil

World bank waived debt repayments for 5 years

Philippines Location

Group of islands in the pacific islands

SE Asia

7641 islands

Typhoon Haiyan on Saffir Simpson Scale

Category 5

Philippines Economy

LIC

GDP per capita $3280 in 2017

Typhoon Haiyan made landfall in

November 2013

Typhoon Haiyan had winds of

170mph

Typhoon Haiyan had waves of

15m

Typhoon Haiyan had heavy rainfall of

280mmm

Tacloban damage

90% destroyed

Struck by Northern eyewall

5 metre high storm surge

220 000 inhabitants homeless

Primary Effects of Typhoon Haiyan

6300 people killed - most drowned by the storm surge.

600,000 + people displaced

40,000 homes damaged or

Tacloban airport terminal badly damaged.

2 million homeless

400mm + of rain + flooding

Power lines, crops + buildings damaged/destroyed by winds

Secondary Effects of Typhoon Haiyan

14 million affected

6 million lost source of income

Flooding + landslides, blocked road → no aid

Power supplies cut for month in some areas

Ferry services and airline flights disrupted for weeks, slowing down aid efforts.

Shortages of water, food and shelter affected many people, leading to outbreaks of disease.

Many jobs lost, hospitals were damaged, shops and schools were destroyed, affecting people's livelihoods and education.

Looting and violence broke out in Tacloban.

Total Damage of Typhoon Haiyan

$2.9 Billion

Immediate Responses of Typhoon Haiyan

International gov + aid agencies - food aid, water, temp shelters

US aircraft carrier George Washington + helicopters - search + rescue, delivery of aid

1200 + evacuation centres for homeless.

UK government sent shelter kits

French, Belgian and Israeli field hospitals set up to help the injured.

The Philippines Red Cross delivered basic food aid, which included rice, canned food, sugar, salt and cooking oil.

Long Term Responses of Typhoon Haiyan

UN + other counties donated financial aid, supplies + medical support

Rebuilding of roads, bridges and airport facilities.

-"Cash for work' programmes people were paid to help clear debris and rebuild the city.

Rice farming and fishing quickly re-established. Coconut production-where trees may take five years to bear fruit will take longer.

Aid agencies such as Oxfam supported the replacement of fishing boats a vital source of income.

Thousands of homes have been built away from areas at risk from flooding.

More cyclone shelters built to accommodate people evacuated from coastal areas.

Where are the Sommerset levels and what are they like?

Area of low lying coastal plains + wetlands in the SW of UK in Sommerset

Several rivers flow through and drain into the Bristol Channel

Low lying - prone to flooding

Why was prolonged heavy rainfall a cause of the Somerset floods?

series of Atlantic storms brought persistent rainfall + gale force winds

Record rainfall - 183.3mm - 200% higher than average for month

Caused ground to be saturated

Why was high tides + storm surges a cause of the Somerset floods?

High tides in Bristol channel created tidal surges that blocked floodwater from escaping

Why was reduced river dredging a cause of the Somerset floods?

Sediment build up in rivers due to reduced dredging reduced carrying capacity of rivers

Why was land use changes a cause of the Somerset floods?

Conversion of grassland to maize field reduced the land’s ability to retain water

What were some social effects of the 2014 Somerset floods?

• Over 600 homes flooded

• 16 farms evacuated

• Residents evacuated into temporary accommodation, for months in some cases

• power supplies disrupted

• Villages (Moorland + Muchelney) completely cut off

• Lives severely disrupted - shopping, school, work

• Contaminated floodwater posed health risks

What were some economic effects of the 2014 Somerset floods?

• Estimated damage over £10 million

• Agricultural land flooded -14,000 hectares underwater 3-4 weeks, 1,000 livestock evacuated

• Road closures

• Trains cancelled

• People unable to go to work

• Businesses forced to close due to flooding and infrastructure damage

What were some environmental effects of the 2014 Somerset floods?

• Sewage, chemicals like pesticides and oil contaminated floodwater which spread

• Ecosystems and habitats destroyed

• Lots of debris deposited

• Prolonged flooding

• Soli erosion + degradation

• Stagnant water deoxygenated - had to be reoxygenated before pumped back into rivers

What were some immediate responses of the 2014 Somerset floods?

• Warnings - weather + flood warnings issued + monitors

• Flood defences- barriers ,sand bags, pumps, valuables moved upstairs

• Emergency evacuation and rescue

• Army, 40 royal marines sent in do deliver food, equipment etc.

• 65 pumps used to drain 65 million m³ of floodwater

What was done for dredging as a long term response for the Somerset floods?

River Tone + Parrett dredged to increase capacity

8km dredged

What long term flood defences were put in place after the Somerset floods?

500m of road in Muchelney raised to prevent village being cut off

river banks raised + strengthened

Bridgewater tidal barrier plans - protect against tidal surges from the Bristol channel

How were drainage systems enhanced as a long term response to the Somerset floods?

Pumping stations installed to manage water levels

New river channels under the a372 at Beer Wall

What is the Flood action plan (Somerset)

20 year flood action plan- improve resilience and flood management - £80 million cost

Somerset Rivers Authority (SRA) established to oversea and coordinate flood risk management

How has land management been affected as a long term response to the Somerset floods?

Aim to improve water retention and reduce runoof