APUSH Period 6 Part 2 IDs

“Old Immigrants”

Immigrants from Western Europe before 1890 who were mostly well educated, whiter, literate, protestant, had similar language, and came from countries with representative governments, assimilated easily without much nativist backlash

Push/Pull Factors

Push factors are strong factors for immigrants to leave their home country, e.g. poor economic, religious, violence, or political conditions, while pull factors motivate people to go to their destination country, e.g. better opportunity, no mandatory military service, or American dreams

“New Immigrants”

Immigrants from mostly Southern and Eastern Europe from after 1890 who were darker-skinned, had dissimilar languages, not as educated, and culturally and religiously different, faced a lot more nativism and used ethnic enclaves and chain migration, or relocation toward people they know

Assimilation

The changing of one’s culture into the culture of another group

Ghetto

A slum that poor renters cannot leave because laws, prejudice, or community pressure prevent tenement inhabitants from renting elsewhere

Ethnic Enclaves

Neighborhoods of one race that allowed immigrants to feel familiarity

Thomas Nast

A famous political cartoonist who usually made cartoons that criticized the government, especially Boss Tweed

Victorian Morality

A morality that emerged in the 1830s-1840s and assumed that human nature was malleable and people could improve themselves. Victorian Americans were eager to reform undesirable practices and stressed the importance of personal self-discipline, self-control, manners, and literature.

Cult of Domesticity

A group inspired by Victorian ideals, stressing that women should stay at home and care for their families

Jacob Riis

A journalist who used photography to capture the lives of poor Americans in ghettos and slums in order to appeal to their mistreatment

Jane Addams

An upper class woman who pioneered the settlement-house movement with the creation of her Hull House

Children’s Aid Society

A society created by Charles Loring Brace that established dorms, reading rooms, and workshops for children to learn practical skills, and also gave orphans places to work as farm hands

Social Gospel

The norm for the rich to help the poor as expressed by William S. Rainford

Settlement House Movement

A social movement pioneered by Jane Addams where rich people would take residence in poor neighborhoods and become socially active there to better that neighborhood

Chinese Exclusion Act

An act made by Congress in 1882 that bars all immigration from China and ends the Burlingame Treaty

Dennis Kearney

The creator of the Workingmen’s Party, a party with the goal of ending Chinese immigration and oppressing the Chinese

American Protective Association

A nativist organization that was largely against Catholic immigration

Undesirables

Any immigrants who seems undesirable by their standards are barred from immigration, e.g. prostitutes and convicts in 1875, then “lunatics” and “idiots” in 1882, and illiterates in 1917

New Inventions

Inventions such as elevators, steel, electricity, lightbulbs, skyscrapers, sewing machines, typewriters, and telephones are invented, most are used to promote business

Manufacturing Towns

Major cities that spawn off the production of one good, e.g. Pittsburgh (steel), Chicago (meat packing), Detroit (cars)

Six Features that Dominated Large-Scale Manufacturing after Civil War

The exploitation of immense coal deposits, the rapid spread of technological innovation, the need for enormous numbers of carefully controlled workers, the constant pressure between firms to compete, the relentless drop in price levels, and the failure of the money supply to keep pace with productivity, driving up interest rates and restricting credit availability

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad tycoon who stifled competition or bought them out to expand his monopoly and empire

Ways the Railroads Pioneered New Methods of Corporate Enterprise

They used the issuance of stock to meet their large capital needs, the separation of ownership from management, the creation of natural distribution and marketing systems, and the formation of new organization and management structures

Telegraph

An invention in communication that allowed better long distance communication and helped railroads communicate efficiently and coordinate railroad flow

Time Zones

Universal times for the US that were created to benefit railroad schedules contrary to having several smaller time zones

Refrigerated Railroad Cars

Railroad cars with built-in refrigeration that made the transportation of meat for the ranching and meat packing industries possible

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Regulated railroad industry by creating the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), which mandated that they post their rates

J. Pierpont Morgan

A man who gained the steel business from Andrew Carnegie and turned it into the United States Steel Corporation

Andrew Carnegie

A steel tycoon who adopted the Bessemer process and used vertical integration to monopolize the steel industry

US Steel

The name and product of the United States Steel Corporation created by J. Pierpont Morgan

Bessemer Process

A process created by Sir Henry Bessemer in which iron ore is heated to liquid form, then poured into a cauldron, and then hot air is blown into it to get all impurities out, then finally pouring it into molds to make extremely strong steel

Vertical Integration

A monopoly technique that involves controlling all phases of production up from the raw material to the finished product

John D. Rockefeller

An oil tycoon who revolutionized the oil business through his Standard Oil Company and bought out competitors to ensure monopolies and kept the amount of oil limited to sustain the maximum price per barrel

Horizontal Integration

A monopoly technique that involves buying out competition until you have control of a single area or industry

Standard Oil Trust

A trust for Standard Oil Company that allows trustees, or investors with a stake in the business, to receive profits while making significant business decisions, which eventually stifles competitions and exploits ethical loopholes

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

An act that prohibits monopolies but isn’t adequately enforced yet

Mail-Order Catalog

Catalogs where you could pick what you wanted to buy from a store off of them and then send them the results to be shipped, allowing for much easier shopping decisions

*United States v. E.C. Knight Company*

A Supreme Court case where E.C. Knight Company, a company that owned more than 50% of all U.S. sugar refining, was monopolizing, but the Court did not uphold the lawsuit

Scientific Management

A movement created by Frederick Taylor who believed that subdividing production tasks would make manufacturing much more efficient

McCormick Process

Cyrus McCormick started out as a manufacturer of mechanical reapers, but then later hired a production manager who introduced new machinery that made it so it could produce over one-hundred thousand each year by 1889

Economies of Scale

After accounting for initial investments in machines and marketing, each product loses a company relatively little in production costs, so then the bigger the production, the bigger the profits.

Great Merger Movement

A wave of companies merging together and folding into other companies because of monopolization

Political Machines

Corrupt figures that controlled city politics through lots of voter fraud and bribery, no oversight happened that could control it

Boss Tweed

The leader of Tammany Hall in NYC, a majorly corrupt Democratic political machine, controlled politics for a very long time

National Labor Union

A labor union that marked the first attempt to create a labor union in the US

Knights of Labor

A labor union founded by Irish immigrant Terence Powderly, however, it lost support after being accused of starting a riot in Chicago’s Haymarket Square in 1886

Terence Powderly

An Irish immigrant responsible for the creation of the Knights of Labor labor union

Haymarket Square Riot

A riot that everyone accused the Knights of Labor for performing, which caused them to lose public support

American Federation of Labor

A labor union created by Samuel Gompers that became the next major union after the Knights of Labor died down

Samuel Gompers

An English-born cigar maker that became the leader of the American Federation of Labor

Molly Maguires

A nickname for the prominent Pennsylvania Coal Miners Union

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

After a stagnant economy that followed the fizzling out of railroad economy in 1873, rail lines cut workers’ wages, so, workers struck from Baltimore to St. Louis, shutting down railroads across the country

Strikebreakers

People hired by railroad companies, such as Jay Gould, that would suppress strikes and enforce railroad movement

The Great Upheaval

When railroad strikes were not able to be suppressed, federal troops came in and suppressed protests immensely

Pinkerton

The Pinkerton Detective Agency was a private security contractor who suppressed various amounts of strikes

Homestead Strike of 1892

A major strike against one of Carnegie’s mills in Homestead, PA, led by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, where after repeated wage cuts they shut down and occupied the mill

Pullman Strike of 1894

Workers in George Pullman’s Pullman car factories struck when he cut wages by a quarter but kept rents and utilities in his company town constant

American Railway Union

A labor Union that participated in the Pullman strike by refusing to handle any Pullman cars on any rail lines in the country

Eugene V. Debs

The leader of the American Railway Union