Social Studies 8.1

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40 Terms

1

Pax Romana

A long period of relative peace in the Roman Empire that allowed for increased trade and population.

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2

Military Conquests

Many victories led to an expanded empire and years of peace, though often at the cost of lives.

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3

Agriculture in the Roman Empire

Practiced on a massive scale, contributing to food security and wealth.

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4

Coins in the Roman economy

Denarius, featuring the emperor's face, facilitated trade across the empire.

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5

Infrastructure

Extensive road networks and aqueducts were developed, many structures lasted to modern times.

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6

Political office challenges

Political roles became burdensome, requiring personal funds and often leading to assassination.

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7

Military interference in politics

Generals influenced policies for their benefit rather than the public's.

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8

Division of the Roman Empire

Diocletian divided it into Latin West and Greek East, causing further conflict.

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9

Constantinople's establishment

Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium, alienating the Western Empire.

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10

Public interest decline

With many poor citizens, interest in political affairs waned.

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11

Confidence in the Roman Empire

Constant wars, plague, and famine eroded public trust.

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12

Disloyalty and corruption

The hiring of foreign mercenaries caused a lack of patriotism.

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13

Economic divide

A widening gap between rich and poor led to social disillusionment.

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14

Population decline

The Antonine plague and food shortages significantly reduced population.

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15

Poor harvests

Overworked land lost fertility, exacerbating food shortages.

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16

Trade disruption

Pirates and hostile tribes hindered trade, affecting the economy.

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17

Loss of war plunder

The empire suffered from a lack of new resources from conquests.

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18

Gold and silver drain

Depletion of mines and lack of new conquests led to economic strain.

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19

Inflation in the Roman economy

Devaluation of Denarius increased costs of goods.

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20

Crushing tax burden

Heavy taxation on produce widened the gap between landowners and the poor.

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21

Threat of northern tribes

Military costs to protect borders created local power shifts.

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22

Mercenary recruitment issues

Lower discipline and loyalty among foreign soldiers led to military challenges.

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23

Viking invasions

Scandinavian raiders disrupted Western Europe, leading to local dependence on leaders.

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24

Charlemagne's achievements

Reunited Western Europe, spread Christianity, limited noble power.

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25

Treaty of Verdun

Signed in 843, it divided Charlemagne's empire among his grandsons, leading to feudalism.

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26

Magyar invasions

Horse warriors from central Europe raided isolated villages, worsening local instability.

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27

Muslim raiders

Expert sailors attacked Western Europe, contributing to feelings of insecurity.

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28

Rollo the Viking

Received land from Charles the Simple in exchange for ceasing raids, signaling the start of feudalism.

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29

Feudal system hierarchy

Kings grant land to nobles in return for military service.

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30

Noble role in feudalism

Wealthy landowners who provided land to knights in exchange for loyalty.

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31

Knights in feudal society

Mounted warriors who fought for lords in exchange for land.

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32

King's authority

Kings owned everything; they granted rights to nobles based on loyalty.

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33

Noble privileges

Nobles governed their fiefs, often with their own local rules and taxes.

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34

Knights' responsibilities

Maintain armor, train for combat, and provide military service.

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35

Peasant duties

Worked lands, tended to animals, and paid taxes to the lord.

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36

Peasant tax obligations

Peasants owed grain taxes, marriage dues, and tithes to the church.

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37

Noble estates

Nobles often resided in manors that included villages and serfs.

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38

King's influence on laws

Kings could create laws that nobles had to follow, based on their strength.

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39

Economic role of knights

Knights utilized their fiefs for resources and to earn loyalty.

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40

Manorial system

The economy of the feudal system centered around manors and agricultural production.

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