APUSH Period 6 Flashcards

market revolution

the movement that knit together the various regions of the united states into a united economic whole

transcontinental railroads

congree allocated land to railroad companies to build railroads to connect the U.S. (labor provided by immigrants)

homestead act

gov. grants land to those who commit to migrating west and improving the land they live on for 5+ years

national grange movement

the grange → social and educational program for farmers, changed to work for prosperity for farmers against big businesses

munn v. illinois

supreme court rules that regulatory oversight of railroad corporations was constitutional (kept food prices low)

granger laws

protects farmers from big businesses

assimilationists

a group of people who advocate for assimilating of minor cultures and ideas into dominant ethnic groups

dawes act

an act that allowed for american government to take native tribal land and to break it up small plots to help natives assimilate into american culture by giving them citizenship by doing so for 25+ years

populist party

political party that advocated for ‘the ‘common man’ (replacing the farmers alliance) and was against big businesses and laissez-faire, believing that the government should own railroads

temperance laws

laws for the regulation of alcohol

tammany hall

democratic party that dominated new york during the gilded age

boss tweed

the politician that ran tammany hall

political machines

a political party that bribes citizens in order to gain votes

sharecropping

black farmers becoming indebted to white farmers for equipment

indian appropriations act of 1871

tribes were no longer sovereign and congress did not have to negotiate with them

sherman anti-trust act

an act that tried to prevent monopolistic practices by making it illegal to restrain trade or try to monopolize trade with other states or foreign nations

the gospel of wealth

written by andrew carnegie to encourage the wealthy to not sit and accumulate wealth, but rather give it to those in need in order to benefit the community

laissez-faire

government should keep their hands off of the economy

W.E.B. Dubois

an african american sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist who argued for political equality and social rights for african americans

Booker T. Washington

an african american activist who believed in black economic empowerment

jim crow laws

laws that reinforced slavery in the south ‘separate but equal’

plessy v. ferguson

homer plessy, a mixed race man, sat on a white only bus in louisianna which led to the legalization of jim crow laws as the supreme court ruled that segregated facilities were legal as long as the facilities were equal

homestead strike

a labor conflict between union workers at the carnegie steel company and the management, led by henry clary frick, that was violent and led to the deployment of state militia and the defeat of the union and less power to laborers in the steel industry

great railroad strike of 1877

first nationwisde, multi-state, strike in U.S. history due to wage cuts and an economic depression

knights of labor

founded in 1869 by uriah stephens, it was a labor union that sought to unite workers to fight for improved conditions

the bessemer process

a process created by henry bessemer to help mass produce steel

andrew carnegie

an american industrialist who owned the U.S.’ massive steel industry (eventually sold to J.P. Mogran) by using vertical integration and wrote the gospel of wealth

john d rockefeller

owned the standard oil trust and used horizontal integration (and eventually vertical integration) to build his monopoly

horizontal integration

buying all of the competing companies in the industry you are in to buy out all competition and owning all of the factories that produce your product

vertical integration

owning all of the steps in order to produce a certain product

social darwinism

‘survival of the fittest’ promoted american imperialism because they were ‘inferior’ to other races

ellis island

an island in new york that was the primary immigration station from 1892 to 1954

settlement houses

community based centers founded in poor immigrant neighborhoods to offer education, healthcare, and social services to immigrants (jane addams was an advocate for this)

new immigrants

immigrants that primarily came from South and Eastern Europe and Asia: religions other than protestantism, could not speak english, farming backgrounds

chinese exclusion act

an act that prohibited chinese laborers from immigrating to the U.S. for ten years

tenement apartments

small apartments used for housing the working class and immigrants in big cities

old immigrants

from north and west europe: were protestant, could speak english, had specialized skills

the social gospel

religious revival: “what would jesus do?” less belief in afterlife and more in current day → looking to improve society they currently lived in

sensationalism

exaggeration of headlines in news

pendleton act

act founded in 1883 that established a merit-based system, and removed corruptness (spoils-system) from the government

panic of 1893

a four year economic depression in the united states, due to the collapse of railroads, bank failures, and a crisis in gold standard

the gold standard

a monetary system where paper money had a direct correlation to a convertible price of gold

haymarket strike

a bomb goes off during a protest not from the strikers, but big businesses blame it on strikers