APUSH Unit 9

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

Newcomers restricted to 3% of each nationality residing in the U.S. in 1910

National Origins Act (1924)

• Newcomers restricted to 2% of each nationality residing in the U.S. in 1890

• Discrimination was focused on immigrants from southern and eastern Europe

Red Scare

Fear of the spread of communism, as a result of Russian Revolution and immigrants coming from southern and eastern Europe

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

• Two italian immigrants accused of murder with no evidence were convicted and killed

• Highlights the fears of the American people

Fundamentalism

Battle between abiding by original scripture (bible) → Fundamentalists (Traditionalists)

Modernism

Modernists → fact and science

Scopes Trial

Trial was over the teaching of evolution in schools

Resurgence of the KKK

• KKK saw a resurgence during the 1920s and grew to its most influential size during this period

• Anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-revolutionist, anti-bootlegger, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control.

Prohibition

Ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol; led to a rise in crime, difficult to enforce and was eventually repealed under the 21st amendment

The Lost Generation

• Those that came of age during the bleak years of the First World War became disullusioned with the modern cultural shifts of the 1920s; they began to look at the youth as materialistic and criticized this generation, looked it as wasteful and superficial  

• Inspired authors like F. Scott Fitzgerald → critical of the time period as shown in The Greay Gatsby

Consumerism

• The protection and promotion of the interests of the consumer

• It resulted in people buying things they didn't need and taking on debt they couldn't afford, which ultimately led to the stock market crash.

Significance of the Radio

• Easier forms of communication → replacing the telegraph

• Families purchased them for forms of entertainment, news sources, leisure time, etc.

• Led to more modern society

Significance of Motion Picture

• Jazz Singer → highlights the shift to a more modern society

• Birth of a Nation → KKK is glorified, depicted as heroic

Henry Ford and the Model T

Assembly line → more efficient production and affordable prices for automobiles → mass production

Marcus Garvey

• Black rights activist → black pride and nationalism

• DuBois → NAACP → rights immediately, should be fought for and achieved immediately

• Booker T. → gradually attain rights for African Americans

Harlem Renaissance

Great Migration led to blacks settling in cities → promotion of culture, literacy, art, music, etc. → effects more than just black pride and culture → youth of the 1920s graduated towards Jazz

Black Wall Street and the Tulsa Race Massacre

• Tulsa → most prosperous african american community in the 1920s 

• Mass race massacre against black citizens and businesses in 1921

Warren G. Harding

• A return to “normalcy” → shy away from the government role of the Progressive Era

• Government should play a lesser role in the economy (similar to the Gilded Age) → still some regulation, not as laissez faire as Gilded Age

• Teapot Dome Scandal

• Secretary of the interior took bribes from oil companies and provided Teapot dome lands in Wyoming for exclusive rights to drill for oil

Calvin Coolidge

• The chief business of the American people is business 

• Continue the relaxed role of the government during the Harding administration

• Government should support business (favor business, light restriction) 

• No heavy government involvement in business

Herbert Hoover

• “Rugged Individualism”

  • Focus on the individual being able to provide for themselves and not relying on the government

• Reconstruction Finance System

  • Government gave loans to businesses, banks, state and local governments, but not to the people directly → government not supporting the people

• “Bonus Army”

  • WWI veterans marched on Washington demanding payment for their bonuses → Hoover ordered the military to put down a protest

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Most popular agency; employs 3 million men in reforestation, fire fighting, swamp drainage, etc.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Paid farmers to grow less crops to drive prices up

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Provided jobs building infrastructure and for artists

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Built dams to create hydroelectric power-seen as “radical” → publicly owned utility companies 

Securities and Exchange Commission 

Regulate the stock exchange

Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act)

• Guarantees for labor union rights

• Most influential and benefical legislation for labor

Social Security

Provides money to seniors once they reach retirement age

“Hundred Days”

FDRs first 100 days in office; he established his New Deal programs; 15 major pieces of legislation passed

Republicans

Main Idea:

• LIMITED GOVERNMENT ROLE IN THE ECONOMY

Opposition to New Deal:

• INCREASED NATIONAL DEBT

• EXCESSIVE GOVERNMENT REGULATION

Socialists

Main Idea:

• INCREASED GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER ECONOMY

Opposition to New Deal:

• NOT ENOUGH GOVERNMENT CONTROL OVER BUSINESS

Women/Minorities

Main Idea:

• GAINING EQUAL RIGHTS

Opposition to New Deal:

• MANY PROGRAMS FAVOR WHITE MEN, LIMIT AID TO OTHER GROUPS

Supreme Court

Main Idea:

• ENFORCING THE CONSTITUTION

Opposition to New Deal:

• EXPANSION OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND EXEC. BRANCH POWER- RUINS CHECKS & BALANCES

“Banking holiday”

FDR orders a “four day banking holiday” → banks are closed to the public until government can stabilize the banks → Emergency Banking Act

“Court-packing bill”

FDR wants to add an additional 6 justices to the court to combat the court’s opposition to the New Deal programs; NOT in his first 100 days 

“Good Neighbor Policy”

• America would not intervene or interfere with Latin American countries. All marines left Haiti in 1934. America also released some control over Cuba and Panama

• Tydings-McDuffie Act → independence for Philippines by 1946

Neutrality Acts (1935, 1936, 1937, & 1939)

• Illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at war, banned loans to the nations that were fighting, allowed trade but prevented foreign entanglements by requiring warring nations to pay cash for non-military goods, and transport them in their ships ("cash-and-carry")

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

• Allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

• FDR decided to escort ships by convoy & “shoot on sight” policy after attack on the USS Greer

War Production Board

Assigned priorities to the use of raw materials

War Labor Board

Imposed limits on wage increases

Potsdam and Yalta Conference

• Conferences near the end of the war to determine the outlook of post WWII Europe

• Potsdam → FDR, Churchill, Stalin

• Yalta → Truman replaces FDR, Churchill steps down, Stalin still in power

• Truman could have different views on what should be done

• Berlin split into 4 occupation zones (U.S., Great Britain, France, Soviet Union)

Women in WWII

• Women filled factory jobs (ex. Rosie the Riveter)

• Nearly 350,000 American women served in uniform: volunteering for the Women’s Army Corps (WAC), the Navy Women’s Reserve (WAVES), the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS), and the Army & Navy Nurses Corps

• At the war’s end, women were forced out by men returning home 

• Women veterans were often denied access to benefit programs for veterans like the G.I. Bill. 

African Americans in WWII

• African Americans still served in segregated units → hypocrisy of fighting for democracy abroad when it was not enjoyed by African Americans at home

• DOUBLE V-CAMPAIGN - a victory in the war abroad and over racism at home. Originated from a Pittsburgh newspaper article

Mexican Americans

Bracero Program brought in Mexican migrants to fill shortages of farm labor caused by draft 

• Continued  for 20 years after WWII, becoming a fixed feature of the agricultural economy in many western states

Zoot Suit Riots -(1943) young “zoot-suit”–wearing Mexican-Americans in Los Angeles were viciously attacked by white sailors 

• Order was restored when the Mexican ambassador made an emotional plea, pointing out that such outbreaks made America no better than the Nazis

Native Americans in WWII

• Navajo Code Talkers were Native Americans of the Navajo tribe that served as communications officers during WWII

• Native Navajo language was used to create coded messages 

• Japanese and Germans had not method of translating these messages

• No Navajo living in Germany or Japan; only in America

• Vital to victories at Iwo Jima and D-Day invasion

Japanese Americans in WWII

High levels of anti-Japanese sentiment after Pearl Harbor increased by US government propaganda

• Atrocities like Bataan Death March  of US POWs added to hatred of Japanese

Japanese Internment - 10,000 Japanese-Americans on the Pacific Coast forced into camps → authorized by Executive Order 9066

• Economic and racial motives underlie claim of “military necessity.”

The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the internment camps in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

Hiroshima and Nagaski

When Truman takes office he learns of… 

• Manhattan Project to develop atomic weapon

To end the war, Truman made the decision…

• Rationale: claimed it would save both American and Japanese lives as opposed to a land invasion.

Effects: the rest of the world now saw the might of the U.S. → claimed the role as one of the global superpowers → Soviet Union wanted the weapons as well and to be one of the superpowers

G.I. Bill

Benefits for veterans → free public college education, job training, affordable loans to purchase housing