Physical Exam of Urine and Related Analyses

Flashcards covering key concepts related to urine examination, CSF analysis, fecal analysis, and synovial fluid characteristics.

What pigment makes urine yellow?

Urochrome.

What is the cause of dark yellow urine?

Dehydration or concentrated urine.

What does hematuria indicate?

Red urine caused by intact RBCs.

What condition is indicated by red/brown urine due to RBC destruction?

Hemoglobinuria.

What causes brown or black urine after standing?

Melanin from melanoma.

What causes cloudy urine after standing?

Amorphous phosphate or amorphous urates.

What bacteria is known for causing foul smelling urine?

Escherichia coli.

What indicates the presence of lipids in urine?

Milky (white) urine, known as chyluria.

What happens to urine color when it stands?

It darkens due to oxidation of urobilinogen.

What organism is commonly seen in urine?

Trichomonas vaginalis.

What is the most common cast found in urine?

Hyaline cast.

What type of cast is associated with chronic renal failure?

Waxy cast.

What indicates diabetic ketoacidosis in urine analysis?

Positive ketones.

What is the meaning of a positive nitrite test?

Presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria, usually Gram-negative bacteria.

What should the normal urine pH range be?

4.5 to 8.0.

What is the predominant cell type found in viral meningitis CSF?

Lymphocytes.

How is the CSF appearance in bacterial meningitis characterized?

Turbid.

What does xanthochromia indicate in CSF?

Hemoglobin degradation products.

What tube is used for CSF glucose testing?

Sodium fluoride tube.

What is steatorrhea?

Excess fat in stool, indicated by increased fecal fat >6g.

What indicates the presence of gout in synovial fluid?

Monosodium urate crystals.

What are the effects of urine after standing?

pH increases, nitrite increases, glucose decreases, urobilinogen decreases, bilirubin decreases, ketones decrease, clarity decreases.

What pigment makes urine yellow?

Urochrome.

What is the cause of dark yellow urine?

Dehydration or concentrated urine.

What does hematuria indicate?

Red urine caused by intact RBCs.

What condition is indicated by red/brown urine due to RBC destruction?

Hemoglobinuria.

What causes brown or black urine after standing?

Melanin from melanoma.

What causes cloudy urine after standing?

Amorphous phosphate or amorphous urates.

What bacteria is known for causing foul smelling urine?

Escherichia coli.

What indicates the presence of lipids in urine?

Milky (white) urine, known as chyluria.

What happens to urine color when it stands?

It darkens due to oxidation of urobilinogen.

What organism is commonly seen in urine?

Trichomonas vaginalis.

What is the most common cast found in urine?

Hyaline cast.

What type of cast is associated with chronic renal failure?

Waxy cast.

What indicates diabetic ketoacidosis in urine analysis?

Positive ketones.

What is the meaning of a positive nitrite test?

Presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria, usually Gram-negative bacteria.

What should the normal urine pH range be?

4.5 to 8.0.

What is the predominant cell type found in viral meningitis CSF?

Lymphocytes.

How is the CSF appearance in bacterial meningitis characterized?

Turbid.

What does xanthochromia indicate in CSF?

Hemoglobin degradation products.

What tube is used for CSF glucose testing?

Sodium fluoride tube.

What is steatorrhea?

Excess fat in stool, indicated by increased fecal fat >6g.

What indicates the presence of gout in synovial fluid?

Monosodium urate crystals.

What are the effects of urine after standing?

pH increases, nitrite increases, glucose decreases, urobilinogen decreases, bilirubin decreases, ketones decrease, clarity decreases.

What is the significance of high specific gravity in urine?

Highly concentrated urine, indicating dehydration or certain renal conditions.

What is the significance of low specific gravity in urine?

Dilute urine, indicating overhydration, diabetes insipidus, or impaired renal concentrating ability.

What does a positive protein test in urine indicate?

Proteinuria, often a sign of renal disease or damage to the glomerular filtration barrier.

What does a positive leukocyte esterase test in urine suggest?

Presence of white blood cells (leukocytes), indicating a urinary tract infection (UTI).

What type of cast is indicative of glomerular disease (e.g., glomerulonephritis)?

Red blood cell (RBC) casts.

What type of cast is indicative of renal inflammation or infection (e.g., pyelonephritis)?

White blood cell (WBC) casts.

What does the presence of glucose in urine (glucosuria) typically indicate?

Diabetes mellitus, when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold.

What does a significant amount of bilirubin in urine suggest?

Liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis) or biliary obstruction.

What pigment makes urine yellow?

Urochrome.

What is the cause of dark yellow urine?

Dehydration or concentrated urine.

What does hematuria indicate?

Red urine caused by intact RBCs.

What condition is indicated by red/brown urine due to RBC destruction?

Hemoglobinuria.

What causes brown or black urine after standing?

Melanin from melanoma.

What causes cloudy urine after standing?

Amorphous phosphate or amorphous urates.

What bacteria is known for causing foul smelling urine?

Escherichia coli.

What indicates the presence of lipids in urine?

Milky (white) urine, known as chyluria.

What happens to urine color when it stands?

It darkens due to oxidation of urobilinogen.

What organism is commonly seen in urine?

Trichomonas vaginalis.

What is the most common cast found in urine?

Hyaline cast.

What type of cast is associated with chronic renal failure?

Waxy cast.

What indicates diabetic ketoacidosis in urine analysis?

Positive ketones.

What is the meaning of a positive nitrite test?

Presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria, usually Gram-negative bacteria.

What should the normal urine pH range be?

4.5 to 8.0.

What is the predominant cell type found in viral meningitis CSF?

Lymphocytes.

How is the CSF appearance in bacterial meningitis characterized?

Turbid.

What does xanthochromia indicate in CSF?

Hemoglobin degradation products.

What tube is used for CSF glucose testing?

Sodium fluoride tube.

What is steatorrhea?

Excess fat in stool, indicated by increased fecal fat >6g.

What indicates the presence of gout in synovial fluid?

Monosodium urate crystals.

What are the effects of urine after standing?

pH increases, nitrite increases, glucose decreases, urobilinogen decreases, bilirubin decreases, ketones decrease, clarity decreases.

What is the significance of high specific gravity in urine?

Highly concentrated urine, indicating dehydration or certain renal conditions.

What is the significance of low specific gravity in urine?

Dilute urine, indicating overhydration, diabetes insipidus, or impaired renal concentrating ability.

What does a positive protein test in urine indicate?

Proteinuria, often a sign of renal disease or damage to the glomerular filtration barrier.

What does a positive leukocyte esterase test in urine suggest?

Presence of white blood cells (leukocytes), indicating a urinary tract infection (UTI).

What type of cast is indicative of glomerular disease (e.g., glomerulonephritis)?

Red blood cell (RBC) casts.

What type of cast is indicative of renal inflammation or infection (e.g., pyelonephritis)?

White blood cell (WBC) casts.

What does the presence of glucose in urine (glucosuria) typically indicate?

Diabetes mellitus, when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold.

What does a significant amount of bilirubin in urine suggest?

Liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis) or biliary obstruction.

What is the normal specific gravity range for urine?

1.003 to 1.035.

What cell type in urine indicates renal tubular damage?

Renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEs).

What is the significance of calcium oxalate crystals in urine?

Commonly found in normal urine; excess can indicate kidney stone formation or ethylene glycol poisoning.

What are oval fat bodies in urine indicative of?

Nephrotic syndrome or other conditions causing significant proteinuria and lipiduria.

What is the normal protein range in CSF?

15 to 45 mg/dL.

What type of crystals are indicative of pseudogout in synovial fluid?

Calcium pyrophosphate crystals (CPPD).

What does a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT) indicate?

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, which could be from sources like ulcers, polyps, or colorectal cancer.