Clinicals Midterm

"Define contraindication in medication."

"A contraindication is a reason a patient should not take a medication."

"Provide an example of a contraindication."

"A patient with CHF should avoid calcium channel blockers because they weaken the heart’s pumping ability."

"What is the indication of a medication?"

"The indication is the reason a medication is prescribed."

"Give an example of a medication indication."

"Ibuprofen is indicated for mild, persistent pain."

"Explain what a side effect is."

"A side effect is a predictable reaction that can happen even when the medication is taken correctly."

"Provide an example of a side effect."

"A headache from nitroglycerin is an example of a side effect."

"Describe the subcutaneous route of medication administration."

"The subcutaneous route (SQ) involves administering medication under the skin."

"What does IM stand for in medication routes?"

"IM stands for intramuscular, which is a route of medication administration."

"Explain the intradermal route of medication administration."

"The intradermal route (ID) is used for tests such as TB tests, where medication is administered into the dermis."

"Describe the oral route of medication administration."

"The oral route (PO) involves swallowing the medication."

"What is the sublingual route of medication administration?"

"The sublingual route (SL) involves placing medication under the tongue."

"Explain the transdermal route of medication administration."

"The transdermal route involves using patches on the skin to deliver medication."

"Define drug schedules in the context of medication."

"Drug schedules categorize medications based on their medical use and potential for abuse."

"What is Schedule I in drug schedules?"

"Schedule I drugs have no medical use and the highest potential for abuse, such as heroin."

"Describe Schedule II drugs."

"Schedule II drugs have medical use but a high potential for abuse, such as oxycodone."

"What are Schedule III–V drugs characterized by?"

"Schedule III–V drugs are characterized by a decreasing risk of abuse compared to Schedule I and II."

"Explain the importance of understanding supplements and allergy medications in clinical practice."

"Understanding supplements and allergy medications is crucial for safe patient care and avoiding adverse interactions."

"Describe the role of melatonin in the body."

"Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep."

"Explain the purpose of antihistamines."

"Antihistamines are used for treating seasonal allergies."

"How does patient access to online records benefit healthcare transparency?"

"Patient access to online records increases transparency in healthcare."

"Define the importance of verifying patient identifiers."

"It is crucial to always verify two identifiers, such as name and date of birth, to ensure patient safety."

"Do you know how to support patients with hearing loss during communication?"

"To support patients with hearing loss, face the patient, speak clearly, provide written instructions, and minimize background noise."

"Clarify the difference between PTSD and OCD."

"PTSD does not include ritualistic behaviors; those behaviors are characteristic of OCD."

"What are the normal adult ranges for vital signs?"

"Normal adult ranges for vital signs are: Temperature: 97.6–99.6°F, Pulse: 60–100 bpm, Respirations: 12–20/min, Blood Pressure: <120/80."

"Explain the significance of a blood pressure reading of 160/123."

"A blood pressure reading of 160/123 indicates a hypertensive crisis."

"How does an oximeter function in patient care?"

"An oximeter measures oxygen saturation in the blood."

"Define the lithotomy position and its use in patient care."

"The lithotomy position is used for pelvic exams."

"Describe the Fowler’s position and its application."

"Fowler’s or High Fowler’s position is best for patients experiencing difficulty breathing."

"What is the supine position in medical terms?"

"The supine position refers to lying flat on the back."

"Explain the prone position and its purpose."

"The prone position involves lying on the stomach and is used for various medical assessments."

"Define the Trendelenburg position and its use."

"The Trendelenburg position involves elevating the legs and is used in certain medical situations."

"What does orthopnea refer to in a medical context?"

"Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat."

"Describe an abrasion."

"An abrasion is a type of wound that occurs when the skin is scraped off, often due to contact with a rough surface like pavement."

"Explain the characteristics of an arterial bleed."

"An arterial bleed is characterized by bright red blood that flows quickly, indicating that it is coming from an artery."

"How should minor burns be treated immediately?"

"Minor burns should be treated by running cool (not cold) water over the affected area for several minutes."

"Define sterile in the context of medical procedures."

"Sterile means free from all microorganisms, ensuring that no pathogens are present."

"What is the duration of sterility for autoclaved items if they remain unopened?"

"Autoclaved items remain sterile for 30 days if they are unopened."

"List the steps for creating a sterile field."

"1. Wash hands 2. Open package away from your body 3. Keep sterile items above waist."

"What is the purpose of retractors in surgery?"

"Retractors are used to hold tissue open during surgical procedures."

"After a hysterectomy, what symptoms should be reported?"

"Symptoms to report after a hysterectomy include heavy bleeding, fever, and worsening pain."

"What is the injection angle for intramuscular (IM) injections?"

"The injection angle for intramuscular (IM) injections is 90°."

"Describe the injection angle for subcutaneous (SQ) injections."

"The injection angle for subcutaneous (SQ) injections is 45°."

"What is the angle for intradermal (ID) injections?"

"The angle for intradermal (ID) injections is between 10° and 15°."

"What type of syringe is used for TB tests?"

"A tuberculin syringe is used for TB tests."

"What gauge and length of needle is typically used for TB tests?"

"A 25–27 gauge needle that is 3/8–5/8 inch in length is typically used for TB tests."

"What should be done with used needles?"

"Used needles should be disposed of in a sharps container and should never be recapped."

"Identify the muscle site for an intramuscular injection in the vastus lateralis."

"The vastus lateralis is a common site for intramuscular (IM) injections."

"What essential items should each exam room have?"

"Each exam room should have personal protective equipment (PPE) and a blood pressure (BP) cuff."

"Describe the purpose of an otoscope and an ophthalmoscope."

"An otoscope is used to examine the ear canal and eardrum, while an ophthalmoscope is used to inspect the interior of the eye."

"Explain the importance of hand sanitizer in a medical setting."

"Hand sanitizer is crucial for reducing the spread of infections and maintaining hygiene in a medical environment."

"Define the role of tongue depressors in medical examinations."

"Tongue depressors are used to hold down the tongue to allow for better visualization of the throat and oral cavity during examinations."

"How should vaccines be stored to ensure their effectiveness?"

"Vaccines should be stored in their original packaging and in a temperature-controlled fridge."

"Identify the organs associated with the cardiovascular system."

"The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood."

"List the organs that belong to the respiratory system."

"The respiratory system includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm."

"Describe the organs involved in the digestive system."

"The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder."

"Explain the components of the nervous system."

"The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves."

"Identify the organs associated with the urinary system."

"The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra."

"List the organs involved in the reproductive system."

"The reproductive system includes the ovaries, testes, uterus, and prostate."

"Define the body cavities and their locations."

"The body cavities include the cranial cavity (brain), spinal cavity (spinal cord), thoracic cavity (chest), abdominal cavity (digestive organs), and pelvic cavity (reproductive organs)."

"Explain the function of a nephron in the urinary system."

"A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine."

"Describe the role of alveoli in the respiratory system."

"Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be expelled."

"Identify the functional unit of the nervous system."

"The functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron."

"Explain the concept of homeostasis in the human body."

"Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes."

"Define diabetes and its significance as a common condition."

"Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to the body's inability to produce or use insulin effectively."

"Define hypertension."

"Hypertension is a medical condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure in the arteries."

"Explain osteoporosis and its impact on health."

"Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break, often leading to fractures."

"Describe COPD and its primary symptoms."

"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease that causes breathing difficulties, primarily characterized by chronic cough, mucus production, and shortness of breath."

"Identify the developmental stage characterized by rapid growth and learning in children."

"The toddler stage is characterized by rapid growth and significant learning as children begin to explore their environment and develop motor skills."

"Match the term 'Adolescent' with its developmental stage."

"Adolescents are individuals typically aged between 12 and 18 years, experiencing significant physical, emotional, and social changes."

"Explain the components of the term 'cardiomyopathy.'"

"Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle ('cardio' = heart, 'myo' = muscle, 'pathy' = disease) that affects its size, shape, and ability to pump blood."

"What does the abbreviation 'BP' stand for in medical terminology?"

"BP stands for blood pressure."

"Describe the meaning of 'PRN' in medical abbreviations."

"PRN is an abbreviation for 'pro re nata,' which means 'as needed' in medical contexts."

"Define the term 'anterior' in directional terms."

"Anterior refers to the front of the body or a structure."

"Explain the difference between proximal and distal in anatomical terms."

"Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or origin, while distal refers to a position further away from that point."

"Identify the directional term that means 'toward the midline.'"

"Medial"

"Describe the significance of understanding medical terminology in healthcare."

"Understanding medical terminology is crucial in healthcare for effective communication, accurate documentation, and proper patient care."