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Saint John the Baptist
baptized jesus and others, preached repentance, forerunner of christ, patron saint of Florence
Romanesque
"Roman-like." art style, 10th-12th C.
Basilica
a large oblong hall or building with double colonnades and a semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a court of law or for public assemblies.
Monastic orders
A religious lifestyle in which the man separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God;
franciscan orders vs. dominican orders
both mendicant orders
Franciscan - St. Francis of Assisi, begging, poverty, no physical possessions (living like christ did), serving communities
Dominican - St. Dominic, preaching, teaching, combating heresy, education
Relic/Reliquary
Relics: The body parts, clothing, or objects associated with a holy figure
Reliquary: A container for holding relics.
Martyr
A person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs
Popolos
middle class people
elites
land owning, noble families
Usury and Indulgences
usury - the practice of charging excessive interest on loans, which was often condemned by the Church
indulgences - certificates sold by the Church during the Renaissance, offering the remission of punishment for sins
Requiem Mass
mass for the dead
Italo-Byzantine Style
medieval paintings produced in Italy under heavy influence from Byzantine art, flat gold backgrounds and stylized figures with little emotional representation
St. Francis of Assisi
Italian saint who founded the Franciscan order of friars; treated all creatures, including animals, as spiritual brothers and sisters; born to wealthy merchant family and willingly gave up a life of comfort
Stigmata
Phenomenon in which a person bears all or some of the wounds of Christ in their own body.
St. Dominic de Guzman
founded the Dominicans; stressed missionary work among common people; active in preaching and fighting heresy
St. Thomas Aquinas
helped bridge faith and reason, emphasizing the importance of classical philosophy,
Summa Theologica
omprehensive work of theology written by St. Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, explores the relationship between faith, reason, and the natural world, offering a framework for understanding human nature and divine creation
Heresy
a disagreement with the current Christian doctrine
Chapter house
a building next to a church used for meetings
Black Death
outbreak of bubonic plague starting in 1348
Trinity
Father, Son, Holy Spirit
Memento mori
an object serving as a warning or reminder of death, such as a skull
chiaroscuro
light and shade in drawing and painting creating depth
One-Point Linear Perspective
a perspective system with a single vanishing point on the horizon
Horizon Line
implied line on a two-dimensional surface to represent the place in nature where the sky meets the horizontal land or water plane.
vanishing point
the point at which receding parallel lines viewed in perspective appear to converge.
Orthogonal Lines
Lines on an object that lead to the vanishing point (vertical)
Transversals
The horizontal lines in a linear perspective drawing
guild ("arte")
an association of artists, craftsmen, or merchants grouped together by trade
Arte del Calimala
the guild of merchants who traded in imported wool and textiles, was one of the greater guilds of Florence
rilievo schiacciato
a technique of low relief sculpture where figures or scenes are carved so shallowly into the surface that they almost appear flat. (EX. competition panels)
predella
lower, often horizontal section of an altarpiece. It typically features a series of smaller panels or scenes that complement the main central panel above it
Contrapposto
pose used in sculpture where a figure's weight is shifted onto one leg, causing the body to naturally tilt and creating a sense of balance and movement (EX. sassy david by donetello)
all'antica
the style of art that imitates or is inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture (EX. Michelangelo's Bacchus)
quatrefoil
decorative shape with four rounded or lobed sections, often resembling a four-leaf clover, influenced by gothic art
lost-wax technique
method of casting metal sculptures. First, an artist creates a model of the sculpture in wax. Then, the wax model is covered with a mold, and the wax is melted and "lost" by heating the mold. Finally, molten metal is poured into the mold to create the sculpture (EX. Donatello's, David)
gilding
the process of applying gold leaf or gold paint.
foreshortening
technique used to create the illusion of an object or figure appearing to recede or project into space, making it look shorter than it actually is
campanilismo
local pride or strong attachment to one's own town or city
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
Renaissance artist: Architect who designed the dome of the cathedral in Florence (the Duomo), formulated an approach to linear perspective in painting that continued in use through the 19th century, loser of the competition panels
Donatello (1386-1466)
Italian sculptor who made major innovations to art in the 15th century and shaped the Renaissance, creator of sassy david
Cosimo the Elder de' Medici, de facto ruler from 1436 to 1464
As a wealthy banker and patron of the arts, he played a crucial role in the flourishing of Renaissance culture, he helped stabilize Florence politically and strengthened the Medici family's power
Pater Patriae
"Father of the Fatherland," was an honorary title given to individuals who were seen as the protectors and benefactors of their country... *title given to Cosimo de' Medici
Pietra Serena
A gray Tuscan sandstone used in florentine architecture
Pietra Forte
strong blocks (lower Medici palace), looks impenetrable
Rustication
Heavy stonework with a surface left rough, or with deeply channelled joints, used principally on Renaissance buildings
Porphyry
Purple marble, now extinct. found inside the Journey of the Magi
Sacra Conversazione
"holy conversation" (EX. in San Marco Altarpiece, the saints around Mary & Jesus are all seen in conversation)