healthcare

chambers

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle

Valves

Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Mitral (Bicuspid), Aortic

• Major Veins and Arteries

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Pulmonary Arteries and Veins, Aorta

Deoxygenated blood enters the____via the superior and inferior vena cavae.

right atrium

2nd, Flows through the___into the

Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle.

3rd, Pumped through the__into the to the lungs.

Pulmonary Valve, Pulmonary Artery

4th, Oxygenated blood returns via the__to the

Pulmonary Veins, Left Atrium.

5th, Passes through the__into the

Mitral Valve, Left Ventricle.

6th, Ejected through the__into the__distributing oxygenated blood to the body.

Aortic Valve, Aorta

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries).

Veins

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins).

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels facilitating nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues.

blood pressure

120/80

Organs

Thymus, Spleen, Tonsils

Lymph Nodes

Filter lymph and house immune cells

Lymph Flow

Lymphatic capillaries → Lymphatic vessels → Lymph nodes → Lymphatic trunks → Thoracic or Right lymphatic duct → Subclavian veins

Cardiovascular System

Closed loop, circulates blood, pumps via the heart.

Lymphatic System

Open-ended, transports lymph, relies on muscle movement for flow.

Innate Immunity

Non-specific defenses present at birth.

Humoral

Antibody-mediated, involves B cells.

Cellular

T cell-mediated, targets infected cells.

spleen injury importance

Filters blood, recycles iron, stores platelets.

Spleen Treatment

May require splenectomy; increased risk of infections post-surgery.

Key Organs

Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

Amylase

Breaks down carbohydrates.

Pepsin

Digests proteins in the stomach.

Lipase

Breaks down

Propulsion

Swallowing and peristalsis.

Mechanical Digestion

Physical breakdown (e.g., chewing, churning).

Defecation

Elimination of indigestible substances

Path of Food

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus

BMI Calculation

Weight (kg) / Height (m²)

Kidney Anatomy

Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Renal Pelvis

Nephron

Functional unit; includes glomerulus and renal tubules.

Urine Production

• Filtration in the glomerulus.

• Reabsorption in renal tubules.

• Secretion of waste into urine.

Diabetes Mellitus

High blood sugar due to insulin issues.

Diabetes Insipidus

Excessive urination due to antidiuretic hormone deficiency

Respiratory System

Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

Gas Exchange

Occurs in alveoli; oxygen diffuses into blood, carbon dioxide diffuses out.

Lung Volumes

Tidal Volume