APUSH - Chapter 22 WWII

Good Neighbor Policy

Foreign policy under FDR emphasizing non-intervention and cooperation with Latin America; caused by U.S. desire to improve relations and prevent Axis influence; resulted in stronger hemispheric unity during WWII.

Spanish Civil War

Civil war in Spain (1936-1939) between Republicans and fascist Nationalists; caused by political instability and ideological conflict; resulted in Franco's dictatorship and served as a testing ground for WWII tactics.

Francisco Franco

Fascist dictator of Spain; came to power after winning the Spanish Civil War with Axis support; established an authoritarian regime and kept Spain neutral but sympathetic to Axis powers.

Japanese invasion of Manchuria

Japan's 1931 military takeover of Manchuria; caused by Japan's need for raw materials and expansion; showed the weakness of the League of Nations and encouraged Axis aggression.

Sudetenland

German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia; claimed by Hitler due to ethnic nationalism; annexed after the Munich Conference, weakening Czechoslovakia and emboldening Hitler.

Blitzkrieg

German "lightning war" strategy using rapid attacks by tanks, planes, and infantry; developed to avoid trench warfare; led to quick German victories early in WWII.

Stimson Doctrine

U.S. policy refusing to recognize territory gained through aggression; created in response to Japan's invasion of Manchuria; had little effect on stopping expansion.

Munich Conference

1938 meeting where Britain and France allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland; caused by fear of another war; resulted in failed appeasement and further German aggression.

Appeasement

Policy of giving concessions to aggressive nations; caused by fear of war and WWI trauma; encouraged Axis expansion and led to WWII.

Fascism

Authoritarian political ideology emphasizing nationalism and militarism; caused by economic instability and fear of communism; led to totalitarian regimes and WWII.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy; rose to power due to post-WWI instability; allied Italy with Nazi Germany as part of the Axis.

German Nazi Party

National Socialist political party in Germany; rose due to economic collapse and resentment over Versailles; established totalitarian rule and carried out the Holocaust.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany; rose to power through the Nazi Party during economic crisis; caused WWII in Europe and orchestrated genocide.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan; formed due to shared expansionist goals; fought against the Allies in WWII.

Lend-Lease Act

U.S. program providing war supplies to Allied nations; caused by Britain's inability to pay and growing Axis threat; moved the U.S. closer to war and aided Allied victory.

Isolationism

U.S. policy of avoiding foreign conflicts; caused by disillusionment with WWI; delayed American involvement in WWII.

Nye Committee

Congressional investigation into WWI profiteering; caused by suspicion of arms manufacturers; increased support for neutrality laws.

Four Freedoms Speech

FDR speech outlining freedoms of speech, worship, from want, and from fear; caused by rising global conflict; justified U.S. involvement in WWII.

Neutrality Acts

Laws restricting U.S. involvement in foreign wars; caused by isolationist sentiment; limited aid to Allies before WWII.

America First Committee

Isolationist organization opposing U.S. entry into WWII; caused by fear of foreign wars; lost influence after Pearl Harbor.

Atlantic Charter

Statement of Allied war aims by FDR and Churchill; caused by need for shared goals; became the foundation for the United Nations.

Quarantine Speech

FDR speech calling for isolation of aggressor nations; caused by Axis expansion; marked shift away from neutrality.

Cash and Carry

Policy allowing belligerents to buy U.S. goods with cash; caused by desire to help Allies without war; aided Britain and France.

"Double V" Campaign

African American campaign for victory over fascism abroad and racism at home; caused by discrimination during the war; helped fuel the postwar civil rights movement.

Selective Training and Service Act (1940)

First peacetime draft in U.S. history; caused by fear of global war; prepared the U.S. military for WWII.

Oil and steel embargo

U.S. ban on selling key resources to Japan; caused by Japanese aggression in China; led directly to the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese surprise attack on U.S. naval base in Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941; caused by rising tensions and embargoes; brought the U.S. into WWII.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Scientific director of the Manhattan Project; chosen due to nuclear expertise; led development of the atomic bomb.

Japanese Internment

Forced relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps; caused by fear after Pearl Harbor; resulted in major civil liberties violations.

Korematsu v. U.S.

Supreme Court case upholding Japanese internment; caused by challenge to Executive Order 9066; allowed suspension of civil rights during wartime.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Supreme Allied Commander in Europe; appointed to coordinate Allied forces; led D-Day and liberation of Western Europe.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944; caused by need for a second front; marked the beginning of Germany's defeat in Western Europe.

Holocaust

Nazi genocide of six million Jews; caused by Nazi racial ideology; resulted in one of history's greatest human rights atrocities.

Island hopping

U.S. strategy of capturing key Pacific islands; caused by desire to avoid heavily defended areas; brought U.S. forces closer to Japan.

Rosie the Riveter

Symbol of women working in defense industries; caused by labor shortages; expanded women's roles in the workforce.

Douglas MacArthur

U.S. general in the Pacific Theater; chosen for experience; led key victories and accepted Japan's surrender.

Kamikaze attacks

Japanese suicide plane attacks; caused by desperation late in the war; inflicted heavy Allied casualties.

Harry S. Truman

U.S. president after FDR's death; inherited decision to end the war; authorized use of the atomic bomb.

Atomic bomb

Nuclear weapon developed by the U.S.; created through the Manhattan Project; ended WWII and began the nuclear age.

Hiroshima; Nagasaki

Japanese cities bombed in August 1945; caused by Japan's refusal to surrender; led to Japan's unconditional surrender.

Big Three

Leaders of the U.S., Britain, and USSR; formed to coordinate war efforts; shaped postwar global order.

Casablanca Conference

1943 Allied meeting in North Africa; caused by need for strategic planning; established policy of unconditional surrender.

Unconditional surrender

Demand that Axis powers surrender completely; caused by desire to prevent future wars; ensured total defeat of Axis nations.

Tehran

1943 meeting of the Big Three; caused by need to coordinate war strategy; planned D-Day invasion.

Yalta

1945 meeting of Allied leaders; caused by nearing end of war; divided Germany and set terms for postwar Europe.

Potsdam

Final Allied conference in 1945; caused by Germany's defeat; issued ultimatum to Japan and finalized occupation plans.

United Nations

International organization created after WWII; caused by failure of the League of Nations; aimed to prevent future wars.

War Production Board

Government agency regulating wartime production; caused by need for military supplies; converted U.S. economy to war production.

Office of Price Administration

Government agency controlling prices and rationing; caused by inflation concerns; stabilized wartime economy.

Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. program to develop atomic bomb; caused by fear Axis powers would build one first; resulted in nuclear weapons.

Office of War Information

Government agency controlling wartime propaganda; caused by need for public support; boosted morale and unity.

Wartime migration

Movement of Americans to industrial centers; caused by defense jobs; changed U.S. demographics.

Braceros program

U.S.-Mexico agreement for Mexican laborers; caused by farm labor shortages; increased Mexican immigration.

Executive Order 8802

Order banning racial discrimination in defense industries; caused by A. Philip Randolph's protest; advanced civil rights.

Executive Order 9066

Order authorizing Japanese internment; caused by wartime fear; resulted in incarceration of Japanese Americans.