Human reproduction

zoology

bulbourethral gland also called

cowpers gland

testis width and length

width= 2-3cm

length= 4-5cm

testis descend into scrotum from abdominal cavity through inguinal canal during

7th month of pregnancy

scrotum provides ____ temp lower than abdominal cavity

2-2.5 degrees lower temp necessary for spermatogenesis

Gonadotropins are

LH and FSH

how many testicular lobules present

250 compartments in each testis

seminiferous tubules number

1-3 in each testicular lobule

pathway of sperm

rete testis—-vasa efferentia—-epididymis—-vas deferens—-ejaculatory duct—-urethra

male accesory ducts__ and ___ sperms

store and transport

seminal plasma contains

fructose, calcium and enzymes

urethra passes through which tissue in peni*

corpus spongiosum

Seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral

1. location

2. percent of semenn contributed

3. secretion

1. sv- dorso-lateral to urinary bladder

pro= base of urinary bladder

bul= below prostate

2. 60-70%, 20-25%, 5-10%

3. fructose and prostaglandis

calcium

mucus for lubrication

interstitial space outside seminiferous tubules contain

1. interstitial cells or leydig cells

2. small blood vessels

3. immunocompetent cells

leydig or interstitial cells produce androgens by signals from

anterior pituitary gland luetenising hormone or interstitial cell stimulating hormone

Primary germ cell or spermatogonia 1. Epithelium and function

simple cuboidal epithelium

undergo meiotic division and forms sperms

sertoli cell 1. Epithelium and function

simple columnar

1. provide nourishment to developing sperms

2. phagocyte surrounding excess cytoplasm and organelles

3. phagocyte abnormal sperms and dead sperms

4. secrete inhibin hormone which inhibits FSH

5. secretes Androgen binding protein which binds and concentrates androgens inside Seminiferous tubules

certain factor called sperm maturation factors responsible for spermiogenesis or spermatid to sperm is secreted by

sertoli cells

explain hormonal regulation in males

1. GnRH from hypothalamus acts on anterior pituitary

2. FSH and LH released from anterior pituitary

3. FSH acts on sertoli cells and helps in releasing certain factor from which inhibin gives negative feedback

4. LH acts on interstitial cells and releases androgens for spermatogenesis

Fallopian tube length and epithelium

length 10-12cm

ciliated columnar epithelium

infundibulum shape, position and function

funnel shaped

closer to ovary

has finger like projections called fimbrae which collects ovum or 2’ oocyte from ovary

ampulla shape and function

widest part

site of fertilisation

ampulla or ampullary isthmic junction

isthmus size and function

narrow lumen

opens into uterus

uterus and ovary is attached to pelvic walls by

ligaments

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

structure and function

perimetrium- external, thin, membranous

myometrium- thick smooth muscles for contractions

endometrium- lines uterine cavity and glandular. Implantation occurs here

length of ovary and lined by ___ epithelium

2-4 cm'

germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal epithelium)

germinal epithelium of ovary encloses____ which is divided into 2 parts namely and their function

stroma divided into outer cortex—follicle development

and inner medulla—contains blood vessels,nerves etc

clitoris is ____ tissue present at upper portion of ____

erectile tissue

labia minora

In some women hymen persists even after coitus

true false

true

mammary gland lies on _____ muscle

pectoralis major

each mammary gland has ____ lobes

15-20 mammary lobes

___contains cluster of milk secreting cells called alveoli

mammary lobes

pathway of milk in mammary gland

mammary lobes—mammary tubule—mammary duct—-mammary ampulla—-lactiferous duct

milk secretion or production is by hormone

prolactin from anterior pituitary

and HpL from placenta

milk ejection is done by hormone

oxytosin

secreted by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary

breast development at puberty by hormone

estrogen

increase in alveoli during pregnancy by hormone

progesterone

bulbourethral gland also called

bartholin gland

spermatogenesis from male primary germ cell or spermatogonia with ploidy

spermatogonia(2n)—

-form many spermatogonia using mitosis in multiplication phase—

—form primary spermatocyte(2n) by growth/differentiation—

—2 secondary spermatocyte(n) by meiosis1—

—four spermatids(n) by meiosis2—

—differentiate to form sperms(n)

spermiogenesis is process of

differentiation of spermatid into sperms

spermatogenesis is process of

spermatogonia to sperms

spermiation is process of

after spermiogenesis, the sperm heads become embedded in sertolli cells, and are finally released into the lumen of seminiferous tubule

B

C

C

sperm acrosome location, modification of, function

• anterior part of head

• modified golgi body

• certain enzymes that help in fertilisation with ovum (spermlysins)

in human sperm nebenkern is

and function

spirally arranged mitochondria in middle piece of sperm

energy provider for swimming

Flagella extends from middle piece to end of tail

true false

false

flagella only present in tail till end

in middle piece, axoneme/axial filament present which is also of 9+2 arrangement

structure of sperm

proximal and distal centriole present in neck of sperm1. arrangement and 2. function

9+0 arrangement

proximal= 1st cleavage division in zygote

distal= basal body in axoneme

sperms present in 1ml semen

sperms present in 1 ejaculation of semen

100 million

2-3 ml so 200-300 million

In one ejaculation how many sperms in percentage 1) should have normal shape and size

2) vigorous motility

Atleast 60% should have normal shape and size

40% should have vigorous motility

oogenesis in female process starting from oogonia

1. oogonia or primary germ cell undergoes mitosis to form more oogonia

2. oogonia undergoes differentiation to form primary oocyte.

3. primary oocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to form first polar body and secondary oocyte

4. secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 2 only if fertilization takes place

5. secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 2 to form ovum and second polar body