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developmental exam 2!
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1
Differentiation
The process producing overt change in appearance or biochemistry in cells.
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2
Specification
The labile stage of cellular fate determination, where the cell can still change in a neutral environment.
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3
Determination
The stage where cells will differentiate autonomously, and their fate is set and irreversible.
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4
Mosaic Developmental Pattern
A developmental pattern predominantly seen in invertebrates where cells from early embryos differentiate to their normal fate when isolated.
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5
Autonomous Specification
A specification type where cells are predetermined and differentiate based on internal signals regardless of environment.
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6
Syncytial Specification
Specification involving one cell with multiple nuclei due to incomplete cell division.
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7
Conditional Specification
Specification where cells have a flexible fate and can form complete embryos when isolated.
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8
Induction
The process of one cell type influencing or changing the behavior of another nearby cell.
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9
Competence
The ability of a responding cell to respond to inductive signals.
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10
Paracrine Signaling
Local signaling that involves factors affecting adjacent cells.
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11
Juxtacrine Signaling
Signaling that requires cells to be in close contact to interact.
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12
Cadherins
Calcium-dependent adhesion molecules that mediate cell-cell adhesion.
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13
E-cadherin
A transmembrane protein crucial for cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues.
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14
P-cadherin
An adhesion molecule that binds to other P-cadherin molecules on neighboring cells.
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15
Integrins
A class of surface adhesion proteins critical for development, functioning as dimers.
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16
Morphogenesis
The biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.
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17
Fate Mapping
A technique used to trace the contribution of specific cells to different structures during development.
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18
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
A process where epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, gaining migratory and invasive properties.
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19
Fibronectin
A glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that helps in cell adhesion and migration.
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20
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
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21
Zygote
The fertilized egg that results from the fusion of sperm and egg.
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22
Gastrulation
A phase in embryonic development where the blastula reorganizes into a multilayered structure.
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23
Blastocyst
A structure formed in the early development of mammals, consisting of an inner cell mass and an outer trophoblast.
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24
Acrosomal Vesicle
A structure in sperm that contains enzymes necessary for penetrating the egg's outer layer.
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25
Polyspermy
The condition where an egg is fertilized by more than one sperm, leading to triploidy.
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26
Sonic Hedgehog Gene (Shh)
A gene that plays crucial roles in embryonic development, including in eye formation.
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27
Endocrine Disruptors
Chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (hormonal) systems.
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28
Ingression
The process where cells move individually from a sheet into the interior of the embryo.
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29
Blastomere
An early embryonic cell formed by the division of a zygote.
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30
Morphogens
Signaling molecules that cause cells to change their fate in a concentration-dependent manner.
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31
Regulative Development
Development where cells can adjust their fates based on interactions with neighboring cells.
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32
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Proteins located on the cell surface involved in binding with other cells or with the extracellular matrix.
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33
Trophectoderm
The outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that contributes to placental formation.
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34
Inner Cell Mass (ICM)
The cluster of cells in the blastocyst that will develop into the embryo.
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35
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
A growth factor that stimulates cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.
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36
Ectoderm
The outermost layer of cells in the embryo that develops into the skin and nervous system.
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37
Mesoderm
The middle layer of cells in the embryo that develops into muscle, bone, and other systems.
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38
Endoderm
The innermost cell layer that forms the digestive tract and associated organs.
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39
Fetal Growth
The period of development from 9 weeks post fertilization until birth.
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40
External Fertilization
A process where fertilization occurs outside the female body, as in many aquatic animals.
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41
Internal Fertilization
A process where fertilization occurs inside the female body, typical of many terrestrial animals.
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42
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)
A fertility treatment where eggs are combined with sperm outside the body.
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43
Spermatogenesis
The process of sperm cell development.
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44
Zygote's Nuclear Remodelling
The process where the nuclear membrane of the zygote breaks down and is remodeled after fertilization.
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45
Occlusion of Fertilization Cues
Prevention of polyspermy to ensure only one sperm fertilizes the egg.
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46
Zona Pellucida
A glycoprotein layer surrounding the egg that plays a crucial role in fertilization.
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47
L-selectins
Cell adhesion molecules that help sperm and egg interact during fertilization.
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48
Mitochondrial Function in Sperm
Mitochondria provide ATP necessary for sperm motility.
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49
Cortical Granules
Enzymes in the ovum that prevent polyspermy after fertilization.
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50
Calcium's Role in Cell Adhesion
Calcium ions are crucial for the binding of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs).
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51
RGD Sequence
An amino acid sequence that integrins bind to.
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52
Hormonal Imbalances
Disruptions in normal hormonal levels that can affect fertility.
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53
Eye Formation in Xenopus
A process where the optic vesicle induces the overlying ectoderm to form the lens.
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54
Mutagenicity in Protein Levels
Mutations in specific proteins that can disrupt inductive interactions during development.
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55
Two-Tailed Phenotype in Development
A phenotype resulting from the absence of the Bicoid protein, leading to the development of two tails.
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56
Cell Sorting Mechanisms
Processes by which similar cell types adhere to each other during development.
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57
Blastopore Lip
A critical area in the embryo that participates in organizing the body axis during development.
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58
Chordin and Noggin
Morphogens secreted from the dorsal blastopore lip that induce dorsal fate.
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59
Epidermal and Mesenchymal Interactions
Interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal cells that are common in embryonic development.
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60
Transplantation Experiment
A study method used to understand cellular commitments and interactions during development.
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61
Actin and Myosin
Housekeeping genes that are essential for muscle contraction and cell movement.
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62
Research Techniques in Developmental Biology
Methods include finding, losing, and moving components to study cellular commitments.
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63
Gradient Distribution of Morphogens
The concentration gradient of signaling molecules that determines the fate of surrounding cells.
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64
Nanos and Bicoid Gradients
Morphogen gradients in insects that establish body axes.
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65
Experimental Design in Developmental Biology
Can include techniques such as isolation, reaggregation, and transplantation to study cell fate.
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66
Cellular Communication Types
Include juxtacrine and paracrine signaling mechanisms that affect cell interactions.
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67
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
Consists of layers of tightly packed cells and plays a key role in protection and absorption.
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68
Mesenchymal Tissue Characteristics
Composed of loosely packed cells and involved in structural support and development.
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69
Cell Migration Patterns
The movement of cells during development influenced by extracellular matrix properties.
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70
Embryonic Axis Organization
The spatial orientation of developmental structures in embryos determined by signaling pathways.
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71
Sonic Hedgehog Protein Function
A signaling molecule that plays crucial roles in cell communication during embryonic development.
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72
Dorsal-Ventral Axis Specification
The differentiation of the embryo into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) regions.
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