THE 210 Midterm Review

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What principles is the sense of what is right and wrong influenced by your family, church, and environment based on experiences?

What are moral principles?

Which type of moral is:

• The philosophical position that certain moral principles or values are objectively true

• Meaning they are valid and binding independent of individual opinions, cultural beliefs, or personal feelings

What is moral objectivism?

Which type of moral is:

• The ethical theory that moral judgments and values are dependent on individual feelings, preferences, or opinions

• There are no objective moral truths; instead, what is right or wrong is determined by each person's own perspective

What is moral subjectivism?

Which type of moral is:

• The philosophical view that moral judgments and values are not absolute or universal, but instead depend on cultural, social, or individual perspectives

• That is considered morally right or wrong can vary from one society or group to another, and there is no single true morality that applies to all people at all times

What is moral relativism?

Which type of moral is:

• The philosophical view that there are no moral facts, truths, or values

• That nothing is morally right or wrong, good or bad

What is moral nihilism?

What is one of the key ingredients proposed by Gula for conducting moral analysis?

What is sensitivity?

The affective dimension of human beings has to do with their:

Capacity to feel - e.g., empathy, compassion

Which of the stages of Lonergan’s cognitional theory of moral decision making would be the first step involved in the following example?

John Smith’s wife, Suzanne, is pregnant and suffering from a rare terminal disease. Doctor’s inform John and Suzanne that their baby’s life is in severe jeopardy and that they should abort the fetus.

experience

Which of the stages of Lonergan’s cognitional theory of moral decision making would be the first step involved in the following example?

John and Suzanne reflect on the facts that they have gathered, namely, that their child is to be delivered in two weeks and that there are measures that can be taken to limit the risk both to the fetus and Suzanne. They discover that Suzanne’s life is most at risk and they grapple with making a moral decision.

understanding

Which of the stages of Lonergan’s cognitional theory of moral decision making would be the first step involved in the following example?

John and Suzanne have determined that the right thing to do is to allow the child to be born and to deal with the risks as they come up.

judgment

What is someone who cultivates inside themselves the intellect to rationalize things in mind and heart?

Moralist

Which type of logic is proof necessarily follows from its premises?

What is deductive logic?

Which type of logic is argument from analogy - the argument is sound or cogent?

What is inductive logic?

Which type of logic is this an example of:

• All dogs are animals (premise)

• George is a dog (premise)

• Therefore, George is an animal (conclusion)

Deductive logic

Which type of logic is this an example of:

• "The universe exhibits a structural design" (premise)

• "A machine exhibits a structural design" (premise)

• "A machine is made by an intelligent being" (premise)

• "The universe was made by an intelligent being" (conclusion)

Inductive logic

What is Christian anthropology?

What is the study of human in relation to God and Christianity?

Which Latin/Greek word or phrase means ‘Image of God’?

What does ‘Imago Dei’ means?

What stem from these elements:

• Humans share in God’s power

• Humans encounter each other uniquely as mysterious other

• Humans are creative (procreative) and bear within them future possibility

What three elements does ‘dignity’ stem from?

What is an act, thought, word, or desire that goes against a perceived higher power's laws, principles, or standards?

Examples:

• Rebellion

• Word of God is not able to have full effect

• Not seeing what God called good to be, in fact, "good"

What is sin?

These are sins in which testament:

• Hatta = missing the mark

• Awon = guilt or iniquity

• Pesa = rebellion, hostility

• The choice is clearly life or death

What is sin in the Hebrew scriptures (old testament)?

These are sins in which testament:

• Springs from the heart of a person

• It is a condition - 'lawlessness' or 'injustice'

  • Justice = the condition for right relationship

• It is an enslavement

• It is refusal to love

• It is overcome by Grace - God’s plan from the beginning to “restore all things in Christ”

What is sin in the new testament?

Which approach of ethics have:

• We reach an ethical judgment through normative precepts that cover the judgment

• Known as “deductive form,” for the conclusion flows logically (and without contradiction) from the premises (or 1st principles)

• Example:

  • Protection of human life is obligatory

  • A prisoner is a human life

  • Protection of prisoners is obligatory

What is the top-down approach?

Which approach of ethics have:

• Concentrates on practical decision making; case judgments

• Case-comparison and analogy to reach moral conclusions.

• We make an ethical decision when principles, rules, or rights conflict and no further recourse to a higher principle is possible.

What is the bottom-up approach?

These are limits of what:

• It is limited if presented as the only correct model because theories and principles have priority over all instances of traditional practices, institutional rules and case judgments (may be 'absolutist')

• In fact, particular judgments require the balancing of norms

  • Or particular norms may not apply

What are the limits of top-down approach?

These are limits of what:

• Ignores the fact that the way of creating an analogy between two cases must remain a rule or principle of action (value)

• If used exclusively, results in complete ethical relativity (which is self-contradictory/self-refuting)

What are the limits of bottom-up approach?

What Latin/Greek word or phase means ‘duty’?

What does ‘Deon’ means?

What Latin/Greek word or phase means ‘Dare to Think’?

What does ‘Sapere Aude’ means?

According to Kant, what are NOT reasons to perform an action?

Tradition, Emotion, Conscience, Religion, Sympathy

According to Kant, you should do the right thing because people in authority have told you to do it.

False

According to Kant, you ought to do certain things because your conscience tells you that it is the right thing to do.

False

A hypothetical action is one that:

is merely an expression of subjective desires

What does the word 'categorical' mean?

An act or principle that is always, everywhere the case

An action has moral value, according to Kant, if it is one that is in keeping with how a person was brought up or raised.

False

According to Kant, the moral value of an action depends on the consequences that we wish to bring about.

False

Which of the following is an example of an 'ethical' maxim?

I will not use other people

The first version of the categorical imperative means that we must be able to __ the principle of our actions without logical contradiction.

universalize

The second version of the categorical imperative means that we:

ought never use another person

The third version of the categorical imperative means that we:

should respect the autonomy of others

The Greek word 'Telos' refers to:

ends

The origin of Natural Law theory is found in a great thinker by the name of Thomas Aquinas, who adopted ideas from:

Aristotle

According to Thomas Aquinas (natural law theory), which of the following are 'intrinsic goods'?

Knowledge and Orderly Social Life, Family, Life

Principles of right and wrong, according to Natural Law, are

objective

The final, sufficient good for which instrumental goods are necessary is

flourishing

Whose theory states that:

• Stupidity is a moral defect, not intellectual

• Against stupidity are defenseless

What is Bonhoeffer’s Theory?

Whose theory consist of:

• Experience

• Understanding (i.e., reflection)

• Judgment

What is Lonergan's Cognitional Theory?

The followings are example of what:

• “What is the meaning of moral terms or judgments?”

• “What is the nature of moral judgments?”

• “How may moral judgments be supported or defended?”

What are metaethics?

Which type of ethics is:

• Branches into practical or applied ethics

• Use of theory, argument, and analysis 

What is normative ethics?

Which type of ethics is:

• Descriptive - factual investigation of conduct

• Metaethics - analysis of language, concepts, and methods of reasoning

What is non-normative ethics?