1.2 Development in Dar-Al-Islam

Mecca

Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam

Medina

town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar

Muhammad

(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh

Qur'an

the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam

Umma

community of the faithful within Islam

Five Pillars

the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

Caliph

the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community

Ali

cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

Abu Bakr

succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph

Sunnis

followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads

Shi'a

followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam

Abbasids

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad

Seljuk Turks

nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids

Crusades

invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291

Sufis

Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions

Mamluks

Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves

Arabic numerals

Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West

Mali

state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali who made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.

Sundiata

created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260

Songhay

successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao

Kingdom of Mali

Effect of Muslim conquests

collapse of other empires, mass conversion

Timbuktu

trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Fragmentation of Abbasid Caliphate

caused new Islamic political entities to emerge many dominated by Turkish people like the Seljuk (Turkish) empire

Islamic mathematics

-Got base of algebra from India

-Created trigonometry (invented by Nasir al-Din al Tusi)

-Created concept of 0

-They invented base mathematical functions (+/-/x/÷)

Islamic literature

The Arabian Nights and other famed tales; Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam that had meditative poems, and the Sufi poet Aisha al-Ba'uniyyah

House of Wisdom

Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established during the Abbasid Caliphate

Cordoba Spain

This Spanish city was the center of Islamic culture in Europe during the Middle Ages