Mecca
Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam
Medina
town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar
Muhammad
(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh
Qur'an
the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam
Umma
community of the faithful within Islam
Five Pillars
the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
Caliph
the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community
Ali
cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism
Abu Bakr
succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph
Sunnis
followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads
Shi'a
followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam
Abbasids
dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad
Seljuk Turks
nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids
Crusades
invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291
Sufis
Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions
Mamluks
Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves
Arabic numerals
Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West
Mali
state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali who made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324.
Sundiata
created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260
Songhay
successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao
Kingdom of Mali
Effect of Muslim conquests
collapse of other empires, mass conversion
Timbuktu
trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people
Delhi Sultanate
The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.
Fragmentation of Abbasid Caliphate
caused new Islamic political entities to emerge many dominated by Turkish people like the Seljuk (Turkish) empire
Islamic mathematics
-Got base of algebra from India
-Created trigonometry (invented by Nasir al-Din al Tusi)
-Created concept of 0
-They invented base mathematical functions (+/-/x/Ă·)
Islamic literature
The Arabian Nights and other famed tales; Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam that had meditative poems, and the Sufi poet Aisha al-Ba'uniyyah
House of Wisdom
Combination library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad established during the Abbasid Caliphate
Cordoba Spain
This Spanish city was the center of Islamic culture in Europe during the Middle Ages