bio test- RNA and protein synthesis

transcription- what is it, what step and where?

STEP ONE

when DNA turns into RNA

NUCLEUS

translation- what is it, what step and where?

STEP TWO

when RNA turns into PROTEINS(amino acids, ribosomes)

CYTOPLASM

RNA- DEFINE the 3 differences from DNA

1. SINGLE stranded not double

2. sugar is RIBOSE not deoxyRIBOSE

3. base is URACIL

in complimentary base pairing in RNA why is T now U?

because the base of RNA is URACIL not Thymine

amino acids- how many? what controls them?

TWENTY different amino acids

DNA chooses order/sequence(PRIMARY STRUCTURE)

what specifies amino acids and how many?

CODONS

SIXTY ONE

what is a codon and what do they code for?

THREE-letter code for AMINO ACIDS

each code stands for a different amino acid

how many start codons are there and what are they?

ONE

A-U-G

how many stop codons are there?

THREE (UGA, UAA, UAG).

what is code and why?

REDUNDANT

SIXTY ONE codons for TWENTY amino acids

amino acids REPEAT

what is the wobble effect and what base is it?

the THIRD base

less important than the other bases and does not code for specific amino acids

what is mRNA, and where does it go?

leaves the NUCLEUS to FIND RIBOSOMES

a COPY of the SEQUENCE of DNA

leaves through NUCLEAR PORES

what is rRNA, what is it made of, and where is it?

SMALLER rRNA subunit plus LARGER helper PROTEIN subunit

rRNA functions to be a dock point for mRNA from the NUCLEUS

RIBOSOMAL, the two parts of a ribosome

what is tRNA, what does it do, and what does it form?

picks up AMINO ACIDS (consumed in our diet)

takes the AMINO ACIDS to the RIBOSOME so they can link to FORM A POLYPEPTIDE

CYTOPLASM

what is RNA Polymerase?

Uracil goes with Adenine-complimentary base pairing

the gene is UNZIPPED so the mRNA can be constructed by complimentary BASES

what is a ribosome?

PROTEIN factories

assembles POLYPEPTIDES(chains of AM.AC)

consists of TWO parts-

PROTEINS and rRNA

what is the anticodon?

what is a mutation, where is it fixed?

any CHANGE in DNA

usually fixed in proofreading

what are the types of a mutation?

silent/ neutral/ harmful/ or beneficial

what are mutagens?

causes for mutations- unless not spontaneous

chemicals/ UV light, X-rays, GAMMA rays

what is the point mutation?

a mutation where a SINGLE BASE is inserted

what is substitution and what does it coincide with?

POINT MUTATION

when the BASE is CHANGED

what is insertion and what does it coincide with?

POINT MUTATION and FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

when the BASE is ADDED

what is deletion and what does it coincide with?

POINT MUTATION and FRAMESHIFT MUTATION

when the BASE is REMOVED

what is FRAMESHIFT mutation and how bad is it?

WORST, MOST harmful, large scale=MANY A.A

LEADS to LARGE SCALE changes in the POLYPEPTIDE chains

RESULTS in a non-functional protein