GENBIO: Classification of Tissues

pptx

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere

Levels of Biological Organization

Structure

• determines the function

• the body plan, or the way the parts are arranged and made of

Function

• the job for that part of the organism

Tissue

• groups of cells with a common structure and function

• different types of ___ have different structures that are especially suited to their functions

Animal Tissues

1. Connective tissue

2. Epithelial tissue

3. Muscle tissue

4. Nervous tissue

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous tissue

Epithelium

a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

Simple squamous epithelium

(lining the air sacs of the lung)

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

(forming a tube in the kidney)

Simple Columnar Epithelium

(Lining the intestine)

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

(Lining the esophagus)

Stratified squamous epithelium

(human skin)

Functions of a Epithelium Tissue

1. Protection — skin

2. Absorption — stomach and intestinal lining (gut)

3. Filtration — Kidney

4. Secretion — forms glands

(exocrine glands, such as: salivary glands, sweat glands, and gastric glands)

Characteristics of Epithelium tissue

1. Polarity — have an apical surface and attached basal surface

2. Specialized contacts — fit closely together and form continuous sheets

3. Supported by connective tissue — basal surface is attached to underlying connective tissue

4. Avascular and innervated — has no blood vessels and supplied by nerve fibers

5. Regeneration — can regenerate itself

Apical Surface

the "top" or "free" surface of an epithelial cell that faces the external environment, a body cavity, or the lumen of an organ or duct.

Basal Surface

the bottom-facing surface of a cell or tissue, specifically the edge that rests on a basement membrane and anchors it to underlying connective tissue.

Number of Cell layers

• Simple

• Stratified

• Pseudostratified

• Transitional

Simple 

consist of single cell layer that attached to the basement membrane

Stratified

composed of 2 or more layers stacked atop each other

Pseudostratified

a single layer of cells that appears to be multiple layers due to variance in heaight and location of the nuclei in the cells

Transitional

Cells are rounded and can slide across one another to allow stratching

Shape of Cells

• Squamous

• Cuboidal

• Columnar

Squamous

flat, thin, scale-like cells

Cuboidal

Cells that have a basic cube shape. Typically the cell’s height and width are about equal.

Columnar

tall, rectangular, or column shaped cells. Typically taller than they are wide

Simple squamous epithelium

location: air sacs of lungs and the lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Location: in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules

Simple columnar epithelium

Location:

Ciliated tissues are in bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus,

smooth (nonciliated tissues), are in the digestive tract, bladder

Simple squamous epithelium

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Ciliated tissue lines the trachea and much of the upper respiratory tract

Stratified squamous epithelium

Line the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Sweat gland, salivary glands, and the mammary glands

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Stratified Columnar epithelium

The male urethra and the ducts of some glands

Transitional epithelium

Line the bladder, urethra, and the ureters

Stratified Columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Connective Tissue

Supporting tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs

Functions: Protect, support, and bind together parts of the body. Also, it store nutrients and runs through organ capsules and in deep layers of skin giving strength

Characteristics: They occur throughout the body. Tend to be very vascular (have rich blood supply) but not all.

Types of Connective Tissues

1. Collagenous connective tissue

2. Reticular connective tissue

3. Elastic connective tissue

Collagenous Connective Tissue

predominantly made up of type I collagen

Classification of Collagenous Connective Tissue

A. Loose Connective Tissue

B. Dense Regular Connective

C. Dense Irregular Connective 

Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar Connective Tissue — cushion around organs, loose arrangement of cells and fibers.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

tendons and ligaments, regularly arranged bundles packed with fibers running same way for strength in one direction

Dense Irregular Connective tissue

skin, organ capsules, irregular arranged bundles packed with fibers for strength in all

Reticular Connective Tissue

• formed type III collagen (protein found in bondes and cartilage)

• internal supporting framework of some organs, delicate network of fibers, and cells directions

Classification of Reticular Connective Tissue

A. Adipose Tissue

adipose Tissue

storehouse for nutrients, packed with cells and blood vessels

Elastic Connective Tissue

• formed by type II collagen, component of joint cartilage

often found in bronchi, trachea, blood vessels, and hollow organs

Specialized Connective Tissue

Cartilage:

a) Hyaline

b.) Elastic

c.) Fibrocartilage

2. Bone (osseous tissue)

3. Blood

Cartilage

• provides strength with flexibility while resisting wear, i.e. epiglottic, external ear, larynx

• cushions and shock absorbs where bones meet, i.e. intervertebral discs, joint capsules

Cartilage

cushion between joints, not as rigid as bone, not as flexible as muscle

Ligaments

connect bones to bones

Tendons

Connects muscle to bone

Hyaline Cartilage

exists on the ventral ends of ribs, in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and on the articulating surface of bones. It gives the structures a definite but pliable form.

Elastic Cartilage

great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending. The chondrocytes lie between the ribers. It is found in the epiglottis (part of larynx), the pinnae (external ear flaps of many mammals)

chondrocytes

specialized cells found only in cartilage, responsible for producing and maintaining the cartilage's extracellular matrix (ECM), which gives it its strength and flexibility

Fibrocartilage

tough, very strong tissue found predominantly in the intervertebral discs and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons; it is similar to other fibrous tissues but contains cartilage ground substance and chondrocytes

Bone

“osseous tissue“ — provides framework and strength for body; allows movements; stores calcium; contains blood forming cells

Bone marrow

acts as a factory for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from stem cells.

Blood 

transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients around the body’ immune response

Muscle Tissue

• responsible for body movement

• moves blood, food, waste through body’s organs

• responsible for mechanical digestion (mouth)

Types of Muscle

1. Smooth

2. Skeletal

3. Cardiac

Smooth Muscle

organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle-shaped cells for pushing things through organs

Skeletal Muscle

large body muscles, voluntary, striated muscle packed in bundles and attached to bones for movement

Cardiac Muscle

heartwall, involuntary, striated muscle with intercalated discs connecting cells for synchronized contractions during heart beat

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth muscle

Nervous Tissue

• conducts impulses to and from body organs via neurons

• controls all activities of the body

3 Elements of Nervous Tissue

• Brain

• Spinal cord

• Nerves

Neuron

electrically excitable cells un the nervous system that function to process and transmit information

Parts of the neuron

1. Cyton

2. Axon

3. Dendrites

Cyton

A star shaped body called ____ (cell body) which has nucleus and cytoplasm

Axon

A single long part called ____ that carries messages away from the Cyton

Dendrites

short, branched part called _____ that carries messages towards cyton

Types of Neurons

1. Sensory neurons

2. Motor neurons

Sensory neurons

carry information obtained from the interior of the body and the environment to the CNS (central nervous system)

Motor neurons

carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs

Nueroglia

support and protect neurons; found in the nervous system

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VLF fill at L6/S1

Plant tissues

1. Meristematic or embryonic tissue

2. Non-meristematic or permanent tissue

Meristematic or embryonic tissue

• tissues comprise of cells which have the dividing capacity

• immature and help plants to divide continuously

• Types: Apical, lateral, and intercalary meristems (enlarge the cell and increase the length and width of the stem, roots, and leaves)

Apical Meristems

found at the tips of the shoots and roots which increase in length as the apical meristems produce new cells.

Intercalary meristems

found at the vicinity of nodes which occurs at intervals along stems. Just like the apical meristems, they also increase the length of stems.

• responsible for growth of plant from leaf and nodes

Lateral Meristems

increase the girth or diameter of plants. They are found along the sides of some roots and stems.

Apical Meristems

Causes primary growth (lengthening of plant)

Occurs at tips of shoot and roots, Produces new leaves and flowers

Lateral Meristems

Causes secondary growth (widening of plant) occurs at the cambium, produces bark on trees

Non-meristematic or Permanent tissue

• derivative of meristematic tissue

• don’t have the dividing capability

• aid in other functions like conductions of subsstances, storage of food etc.

• Types: simple and complex permanent tissue

Simple permanent tissues

parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Parenchyma tissue

Collenchyma Tissue

Sclerenchyma Tissue