Care of Newborn and Infant- Exam 1

1. Infant

lasts from birth to one year

2. Neonatal period

first four weeks of life

3. Cephalocaudal

gross motor, develops before fine motor

4. Proximodistal

fine motor, develops after gross motor

5. Birth weight _____ within the first 6 months

doubles

6. Birth weight _____ by a year

triples

7. It is normal for neonates to lose up to ___% of their birth weight in the first week

10%

8. How should you weight babies?

naked and lying on the scale

9. For measuring babies length, what do you use?

length board, not measuring tape

10. What position do you measure baby in?

: supine with head at zero mark, straighten infants leg, measure from heel to head

11. Infants grow ____cm to ____cm in first 6 months

1.5-2.5cm

12. Birth length increases by ______% by one year

50%

13. Head circumference is measured on who?

children less than 2 years old

14. How to measure head circumference?

tape measure around larger part of skull, usually around occipital prominence and mid-forehead

15. Head circumference increases by _____cm from birth to one year

10cm

16. Which vital sign do you get first on infants?

heart rate and respiratory rate

17. Which vital sign do you obtain last?

temperature and blood pressure

18. How often are infants seen for well-child visits?

newborn period, one month, two months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and then 12 months

19. Where is it best to assess infants vital signs?

in their caregivers arms

20. How do we measure pain for infants?

FLACC scale

- Scored from a 0-10, the higher the score the more pain

21. Sunken fontanel is a sign of what?

dehydration

22. Anterior fontanel closes around ___ to ___ months

9-18 months

23. Strabismus

misalignment of the eyes, should resolve by 6 months, also called a lazy eye

24. You want pinna of ear to be aligned with the ______

corner of the eye

25. If ear is lower than corner of eye, it could be what?

chromosomal issue

26. Describe infant breathing pattern. How do you count respirations?

irregular breathing pattern with pauses of apnea, count for a full minute

27. Diaphragmatic breathing

big belly breaths seen in infants

28. Acrocyanosis

hands and feet are blueish-purple at first, normal in neonate phase

29. Infants have irregular ___ rate

heart

30. Where do you palpate heart rate on infant?

brachial and femoral

31. What heart sound is audible in infants?

S3

32. Babies cannot see colors until ___ months

7

33. Birth marks

multiple types of birth marks (see book)

34. Vision rating at birth

20 out of 400

35. Babies prefer ___ voices

high- pitched

36. Different pitches of crying based on _____

needs

37. Babies begin cooing at ____

2 months

38. Babies copy sound at ____ months

9 months

39. Says a few words like mama or dada at____

12 months

40. By ____ months, can make simple gestures

41. Pincer grasps develop at ____

12 months

42. At __ months, turns to voices and makes sound back when spoken too

4 months

43. Understands the word no at ___

12 months

44. Risk factors to determinants of babies health

tobacco exposure, food and or housing insecurity, parental substance abuse

45. Protective factors for babies

support networks, positive family relationships, adequate child-care

46. You should wake newborns up if they sleep ___ hours straight

4 hours

47. First tooth develops by __ to __ months

4-7 months

48. Do not let milk sit on gums or it can form what?

cavities

49. Newborns eat approx. ___oz every ____- ___ hours

2oz; 2-3 hours

50. If there is head lag, do not start feeding _____

solid food

51. Solid food starts around ____ months

6 months

52. Avoid cows milk until after a year because...

it is too hard on their kidney

53. Avoid honey until after a year because...

bacteria in honey that babies can't fight

54. Infants engage in what type of play?

solitary play

55. Playtime for newborns and infants

- Reading

- Singing

- Age appropriate toys

56. Younger infant toys

- Toys that can be kicked or batted

- Unbreakable mirrors,

- Contrasting patterns

57. Older infant toys

- Toys that make noise or lights up

- Large blocks

58. Live attenuated vaccines

weakened viruses (ex. MMR)

59. Inactivated vaccines

virus killed during manufacturing (ex. Polio)

60. Toxoid vaccine

weakened toxin to protect against toxin (ex. DTaP)

61. Conjugate vaccine

protects against bacteria with a polysaccharide coating (ex. Hib)

62. Common side effects after vaccines

a fever of 102F (38.8C), redness or small amount of swelling, increased fussiness or sleep in next 24 hours

63. When to call health care provider after baby vaccination (abnormal response)

fever over 105F (40.5C), seizure, or uncontrollable crying over 3 hours

64. RSV vaccine (respiratory syncytial virus)

common cold, but in infants can be debilitating

65. How to keep baby safe in crib (ABC acronym)

- Alone (nothing in crib but baby and fitted sheet)

- Back (always place on back)

- Crib (no bedsharing)

66. High risk foods for infants

raw carrots, popcorn, hard candy, grapes, marshmallows, and hotdogs

67. Car safety tips

Should sit in back seat and be rear facing

68. Symptoms of teething

irritable, drooling, low grade fevers, trouble sleeping

69. What to give baby when teething

something cold to chew on

70. Colic

when child is crying all the time for no reason, peaks at 6 weeks and lasts 3-6 months. Inconsolable crying for 3+ hours, 3 days a week, for at least 3 weeks in healthy infants

71. Spitting up

from weak Esophageal Spicher, very common in babies, worsened if not burped enough, smaller and more frequent feedings

72. Recommended ___ hours of screen time up to 18 months. What is the exception?

Zero, but facetime with family is good

73. Diaper dermatitis

erythema with clear borders, avoids skin folds, treat with barrier cream

74. Candidiasis diaper rash

excessive moisture in diaper area, affects skin folds, affects skin folds, satellite lesions with red raised border

75. How to treat diaper candidiasis

nystatin

76. When to see doctor about diaper rash?

if there is wound drainage or candidiasis is noted so antifungal is needed

77. Candidiasis on tongue and cheeks

white patches that can't be wiped away

78. Acne neonatorum

happens in 20% of newborns, papules and pestles on cheeks and forehead and is normal

79. Seborrhea (cradle cap)

yellow, flaky scales on scalp (does not hurt but can be removed)

80. Roseola (febrile exanthem)

high fever (over 103) for 3 days, then rash occurs from viral infection after fever resolves

81. Meconium

thick sticky dark green stool, seen when baby is first born (within first 48 hours of life)

82. When to contact healthcare provider about babies stool?

bloody or hard stools

83. Breast fed stool versus formula fed stool

seedy, soft and yellow versus pasty and darker

84. Frequency for how often babies poop _____

varies

85. Infant emergency

fever of 100.4F (38C) or greater if infant is less than 2 months