Apush Unit 2

Context

More Europeans create colonies in the New World

- up until 1607 its mostly been Spanish

Europeans colonies will compete against each other and Native Americans resources

British colonies will grow in size and strength

English: Goals/Style and Relations with NA's

Goals/Style:

- Settle and be in British Atlantic Economy

- large # of migrants

- focused on agriculture

Relations with NA's:

- tried to remain separate

~ competed for resources

~ outnumbered NA's

French/Dutch: Goals/Style and Relations with NA's

Goals/Style:

- to acquire valuable resources and send them back to Europe

- few migrants. men

- trade outposts

Relations with NA's:

- relied on trade networks with NA's

~ good relation

~ intermarried

Spanish Goals/Style and Relations with NA's

Goals/Style:

- to extract wealth from the land and expand empire

- few migrants, wealthy families, and missionaries

Relations with NA's:

- convert NA's to Catholicism/ grow empire

- enslaved or tried to convert

New England(North)

- Conn., RI, Mass., NH

- intially puritans

- eventually develops a mixed economy: subsistence farming, trade ports, timber and ship building

- little reliance on slavery

- governed by local elected assemblies: merchant class power

Middle Colonies

- NY, Penn., NJ

- Settled by a more diverse group of Europeans

- Economy based on cereal crops exported to England

- little reliance on slavery

- Quaker roots and diverse population led to greater tolerance and more political equality than other regions

- governed by local elected assemblies: landowners power

Southern colonies: Chesapeake

- Virginia, Maryland, North NC

- Jamestown first settlement

- Economy based around tobacco

- labor was mostly indentured servants at first, later shifts to slavery

- local elected assemblies: dominated by plantation elite

Southern colonies: South Atlantic Coast/West Indies

- carolinas, georgia, jamica, other caribbean islands

- economy based on staple crops: long growing season, rice, sugar

- very heavy reliance on slavery

- local elected assemblies: dominated by plantation elite

British Mercantilism (Cause

An economic system designed to maximize the accumulation of wealth for Great Britain by maximizing exports

- acquire/create colonies

- control shipping

- produce manufacturing goods

- collect resources from colonies to make manufactured goods

- try to control colonies

-salutary neglect

salutary neglect

loose control of colonies to keep the money flowing

england left colonies alone, only if profitable

Proprietorship

royal grant of land given to an individual by English Crown

Navigation Acts

all goods on Brit/English ships, colonists couldn't trade other countires

Glorious Revolution in England and America

- james II overthrown, William and Mary rulers

- Declaration of Rights established constitutional monarchy

South Atlantic System

- trade between Caribbean, Brazil, and Africa

- England and the west indies: barbados major sugar producers, sugar most profitable crop

- The Impact on Britain: England wealthy through SAS and Navigation Acts

Africa, Africans, and the Slave Trade

- West Africa major player

- Middle Passage and beyond: slaves worked 10 hours in heat

Slavery in the Chesapeake and South Carolina

- 1740s slaves made up 40% of the population

- Slaves defined by race

~ Slavery was more arduous in the Caribbean raising sugar

- disease most frequent in west indies

- south carolina mostly rice

Rise of the southern Gentry(high social class)

- wealthy plantation owners had tremendous power

- hoped to prevent another Bacon's Rebellion by lowering taxes and encouraging small farmers to own slaves

- some small farmers were given the right to vote

Trade increased contact and reliance between ____ ________ and _______ _______

New England

West Indies

Urban economy

- molasses from the west indies was turned into rum in New England

- New England fishing sold fish to Europe

- Major shipbuilding in NE, 1/3 british fleet 1770s

Urban society

- merchant elite controlled trade in New England

- Artisans 50% of society

- Slaves worked on docks

- Children forced to work

Mercantilism and the American Colonies

-American colonists began to control more and more of the Atlantic trade- large increase in wealth for colonies

- Molasses Act (1733): placed a high tariff on French molasses

- colonists smuggled goods

- Currency Act (1751): first of two currency acts; prohibited the colonies from issuing paper money

How did the ambitions of Charles II and James II remake English North America?

- they changed the distribution of land

- Charles II navigation acts

- James II took power and became the governor of the Dominion of New England: a new royal province

How did the Glorious Revolutions Affect relations between England and its colonies?

- taking power away from King James II

- Many individuals began to believe in individual rights and representative government

- caused rebellion by Protestant colonists

What did Native Americans have to gain by participating in Imperial Wars?

defending the land that they inhabited originally and created alliances with conquering colonies

tribalization

How did the South Atlantic System affect the British economy?

- more wealthy and helping Europeans dominate the world economy

- British sugar trade stayed controlled by British merchants

-Britain was able to export hundreds of thousands of guns to Africa and import slaves from Africa

How did the experiences of slaves in the Chesapeake differ from their experiences in South Carolina?

living conditions for slaves in the Chesapeake were way better than in South Carolina

How much autonomy could slaves attain, and what did slave owners do to control them?

- If they were obedient to their owners, they were able to develop families and pass down religious beliefs

- slave owners increased their controlling policies

How did the planter elite maintain alliances with their smallholder neighbors?

- granting slaves to English families living in the Chesapeake in return for their votes to office positions

- strong political ties between the planter elite and their smallholder neighbors.

How did the rise of the South Atlantic System impact economic development in the northern colonies?

- connecting the economies of the West Indies and New England

- sugar economy connected Britain's empire to the West Indian planters

What explains the increasing political autonomy of the colonies in the eighteenth century?

- driven by the South Atlantic System that gave British ministers power to strengthen political institutions

- Wealthy families were given the highest status and rights that others did not have

How did the South Atlantic System create an interconnected Atlantic world, and how did this system impact development in the British colonies?

- linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas economically through trade and slavery (triangle trade)

- British colonies by allowing the colonies to gain political power

- colonies participated in various wars, fighting over territory

- British colonies were able to become more wealthy through the immense amount of trade

New England's Freehold society

- women subordinate to men, lost rights when married

- Children of wealthy family received land

- Farmers grew maize but eventually started to focus on livestock

Tenancy in New York

tenant farmers had a hard time gaining land and wealth

Conflict in the Quaker colonies

-William Penn encouraged Quakers and Protestants to move to Pennsylvania

-Many immigrants became squatters - illegally settling on land

-Eventually, the Penn family claimed Indian land near Philadelphia

-Many earned a living as farmers and storekeepers

Scots-Irish settlers

- Irish Test Act of 1704: only members of church of england could vote in ireland

- many migrated to philadelphia as they were lured by religious freedom

What were the 2 major cultural movements that impacted Colonial America?

Enlightenment and Pietism

Franklin Contribution

- founder of pennyslvania Gazette

- was a deist- believed in God, but that God didn't interferre in world

- God created the world then took a step back

American Pietism and the Great Awakening

religious revival heavily based on emotion

Whitefield's great awakening

George Whitefield- great orator

- traveled throughout the colonies

- those that converted were considered "New Lights"

Significance of the Great Awakening

- undermined traditional authority - new churches developed

- "New Light" colleges developed - Princeton, Columbia, Rutgers

- Challenge to authority would later influence the American Revolution

South: Presbyterian revival

- many converted in Virginia and other areas

- diversity in religion challenged tax supported Anglican-Church

South: baptist insurgency

- focused on adult baptism - "born again"

- baptism appealed to african americans; belief that all people were equal

- house of burgesses made it illegal to preach to without their owners permission

The French and Indian War: conflict in Ohio Valley

- french built forts in the Ohio valley - PA and OH

- george washington essentially started the war in PA

The French and Indian War: Albany Congress

- purpose was to keep Iroquois on the side of the British

- Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union - "Join or Die"

- Warhawks win

The Great War for Empire

- After 9 years of fighting, Britain win the French and Indian (7 Years' War)

- France is essentially removed from North America - Indians lost valuable trading partner

- Pontiac's Rebellion (1763): Indian rebellion against colonists encroaching on their land, led o the British issuing The Proclamation Line of 1763

Western Rebels and Regulators

- Paxton Boys - Scots-Irish in PA that massacred Indians

- South Carolina Reguators

~ demanded more fair treatments or colonists in the western portion of SC

~ represented conflict between East and West, rich and poor

What ideas, institutions, and responsibilities shaped New England farm women's lives?

- fact that men were the head of the household.

- very subordinate and had to raise the kids

What factors threatened the freeholder ideal in midcentury New England, and what strategies did farming families use to preserve this ideal?

Farming families used strategies such as birth control to preserve the freeholder ideal

How did rapid immigration and economic growth trigger conflict in the Middle colonies?

- wealth was not distributed equally

- Mid-Atlantic region was pretty ethnically diverse

What attracted German and Scots-Irish immigrants to Pennsylvania in such large numbers?

- German immigrants were driven by the Quaker vision of a "peaceable kingdom."

- Scots-Irish immigrants faced hostility in their homeland from Irish Catholics and English officials

What issues divided the various ethnic and religious groups of the Middle colonies What core values did they agree upon?

- Different religious beliefs divided various ethnic and religious groups of the Middle colonies

- each group believed in religious diversity

What conditions and ideas lay behind the emergence of the Enlightenment in America?

- The scientific revolution modified the views of many in America

In what ways was the spread of ideas during the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening similar, and how did it differ?

- way that ideas spread fast and through people

- People began to focus more on their hearts rather than their minds

- Enlightenment completely new ideas, GA revival of New ideas

How did the Seven Years' War reshape Britain's empire in North America and affect native peoples?

- Britain gained support of the Native Americans

- But NA's territory was taken from them

How did the prosperity of the British Empire improve and endanger the lives and interests of colonists?

- providing them with an unprecedented amount of economic resources

- they were forced into rough working conditions and with raised living standards, many were put into debt

In what ways were Britain's American colonies affected by events across the Atlantic, and how were their societies taking on the life of their own?

- gain control from diversity in the Middle Colonies and the Enlightenment.

- Britain's American colonies were thriving economically

Europeans gave native americans...

guns, horses, promises of land and freedom

Native Americans gave Europeans....

navigation, knowledge, soldiers for fighting

Conflict with Pueblos

- Juan de Onate institutes Encomienda system

- Pueblos revolted because spanish wanted to change to Christianity and they won

Slavery in 1600s: New England/Middle Colonies

- slavery mostly in port cities

- small number compared to Europeans

Slavery in 1600s: Chesapeake Colonies

- Mixtures of Indentured Servants and Enslaved Africans

- Tobacco plantation

- fewer enslaved africans than Europeans

Slavery in 1600s: South Atlantic Coast

- high ratio of enslaved africans than Chesapeake colonies

Slavery in 1600s: West Indies (jamaica, Bahamas)

- highest number of enslaved Africans

Bacon's Rebellion(1676) Turning point

- indentured servants wanted more land upon earning their freedom

- pushed west into Native American Territory, causing conflict with Native Americans

- Governor of Virginia, William Berkeley stopped them

- Bacon and his army sacked Jamestown

Slavery after Bacon

- virginia changed from indentured servitute to chattel slavery

- started to define africans as non-whites

- passive resistance more often used

- unique culture forms

Salutary Neglect

How did it lead to American Culture?

the colonies not strictly controlled by Brits because Britain didn't want to interfere with cash flow

independence

Enlightenment

How did it lead to American Culture?

-science over theology

- all men created equal

- repulbic/democracy over monarchy

Europeans change the way they think about world

Equality, republicanism, questioning authority

Great Awakening

How did it lead to American Culture?

- renewed fervor of Christianity

- preached Calvinism

- causes a split in the church

~ new light vs old light

Questioning authority, religious (protestant) enthusiasm

Print Revolution

How did it lead to American Culture?

- helped spread ideas of Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

- made colonists feel British - Pride

Literacy/education, speak english, amplifies Enlightenment and Great Awakening