Bio 111 Lab Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from Bio 111 Labs 7, 8, and 9, focusing on enzymes, microscopy, cell structure, and cell division.

Catalyst

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur.

Enzyme

Biological catalysts, protein molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions in cells.

Active Site

Region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Substrate

The reactant molecule that an enzyme binds to.

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

The enzyme binding the substrate in a way that aligns the substrate(s) into proper orientation.

Cofactor

Mineral ions or organic nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes in a reaction.

Coenzyme

An organic nonprotein cofactor that is vitamin-derived, assisting enzymes in chemical reactions.

Prosthetic Group

A tightly bound cofactor that helps form the active site on an enzyme.

Denature

Unfolding of an enzyme due to extreme temperature or pH, causing loss of function.

Saturation Point

The point at which all enzyme active sites are filled with substrates.

Optimum Temperature of Enzyme

The temperature at which an enzyme works best.

Optimum pH of Enzyme

The pH at which an enzyme works best.

Catalase

What is the enzyme in the experiment described in the notes?

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

What is the substrate in the catalase experiment?

Water and Oxygen Gas

What are the products of the catalase enzyme catalyzed reaction?

Quaternary

What type of protein structure level is catalase?

Magnify

To enlarge.

Resolution

The ability to distinguish two points as separate points.

Cytology

The study of cell structure and function.

Compound Light Microscope

Uses light as a source of illumination and has various lenses to magnify.

Electron Microscope

Uses a beam of electrons as the source of illumination to create an image.

Field of View

How much you actually see when looking in the microscope.

Depth of Field

The number of layers you see when looking through a microscope.

Total Magnification

Objective lens magnification x ocular lens magnification.

Parfocal

The initial focus is maintained when changing magnification on the objective lenses.

Organelles

Tiny organs or structures that carry out specific functions of the cell.

Cell Wall

Provides support to cells, only in plant cells.

Plasma Membrane

Controls what exists and enters the cell.

Nucleus

Brain of cell, stores DNA and controls cell activities.

Nucleolus

Produces ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Does protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough does protein synthesis, smooth does lipids synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

Ships, modifies, and packages proteins for secretion.

Lysosomes

Membrane sacs that contain digestive hydrolytic enzymes, does digestion of worn out cell parts and other cell digestion

Central Vacuole

Only in plant cells, contains water for turgid pressure and various substances.

Chloroplast

Plant cell, has chlorophyll pigment for photosynthesis.

Mitochondrion

For ATP production.

Centrioles

Only in animal cells, moves chromosomes by forming spindle apparatus during mitosis.

Mitosis

An asexual cell process of division of nuclear material that produces 2 identical diploid cells.

Meiosis

A sexual process of cell division that produces 4 haploid gametes.

Interphase

Growth phase before mitosis.

Prophase

Chromosomes shorten and condense and are now visible, cell membrane begins to disappear.

Metaphase

Chromosome pairs line up single file down the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell, separating them.

Telophase

Chromosomes decondense and the nuclear envelope forms around the two new daughter nuclei.

Prophase

First phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense & shorten are visible, nucleus & nucleolus disappear & spindle forms.

Cleavage

Process by which the cytoplasm of an animal cell is divided to form 2 new cells

Cytokinesis

Means cytoplasm division