Anatomy Quiz 5: Urinary, Endocrine, Reproductive Systems, and the Pelvis

The breast is a modified _______ _______.

sweat gland

Axillary process

A small extension of breast tissue that extends into the axilla, often referred to as the tail of Spence.

What percentage of the breast rests on the pectoral fascia? Where does the remaining percentage rest?

Two thirds; the remaining one third rests on the fascia covering the serratus anterior muscle.

Retromammary space

The area between the breast and the deep pectoral fascia that contains a loose connective tissue plane or space

Suspensory ligaments (of Cooper)

How the mammary glands are firmly attach to the dermis of the overlying skin

What are the parameters of proper breastfeeding?

Proper postural support to reduce back/wrist pain, proper positioning of infant

1 in __ women will have breast cancer.

8

What are physical signs of early breast cancer?

Common signs include a lump in the breast, changes in breast shape or size, dimpling of the skin, and discharge/retraction from/of the nipple.

How does breast cancer typically spread?

Through lymphatic vessels which carry cancer cells from the breast to the lymph nodes, mostly those in the axilla.

Kidneys

Retroperitoneal organs on the posterior abdominal wall responsible for filtering blood and producing urine

The kidneys first ____ _________ ____, and then _________ what is needed.

push everything out; reabsorb

After the kidneys reabsorb what is needed, what happens?

The remove excess water, salts, and wastes of protein metabolism from blood.

After the kidneys remove excess water, salts, and wastes, what happens?

They return water, nutrients and chemicals to the blood.

Once the kidneys have returned the water and other nutrients to the blood, what happens?

Convert waste products from blood to urine (supplements, vitamins, medications)

Once waste has been converted from blood to urine, the urine does what?

Drains through ureters to the bladder.

Suprarenal gland

Superior to each kidney; part of the endocrine system and serves a separate function from the kidneys (not attached); secretes corticosteroids and androgens; makes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (nonadrenaline)

______ is the entrance to the kidney—the renal sinus.

Hilum

The kidneys produce the hormone ________ which helps produce red blood cells.

Erythropoietin

The kidneys produce the hormone ________ that is released when BP drops to start the cascade to raise BP.

Renin

Renal arteries

Near the hilum and divide into 5 terminal arteries; each distributed to individual segments of the kidney

Ureters

Muscular ducts that run inferiorly from the kidneys and carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Where does the ureter begin?

After the renal pelvis narrows into the ureter

Renal transplantation

An established operation for the treatment of selected cases of chronic renal failure

Where is the transplanted kidney placed?

In the iliac fossa of the greater pelvis, where it’s firmly supported and where only short lengths of renal vessels and ureters are required for implantation

Bladder

Located in the true pelvis and can expand into the abdominal cavity; urine reservoir from production to excretion

Urethra

Delivers urine from the bladder to the outside of the body; the male urethra is longer than the female urethra

Detrusor muscle

smooth muscle of the bladder

What is the SNS’s role in the urinary bladder?

It causes the relaxation of the detrusor muscle but also the constriction of the smooth m. of the internal urethral sphincter

When you need to urinate, what does the PSNS do?

It causes constriction of the detrusor m. and the relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

An area composed of smooth muscle that’s found in the neck of the bladder; considered a “physiological sphincter” in both males and females and isn’t a grossly visible structure

True/False: The internal anatomy of the male and female bladder is identical.

True

The urethra in either sex starts at ________________

the neck of the bladder

True/False: The female urethra can’t be separated from the anterior wall of the vagina.

True

The sphincter urethra m. = external urethral sphincter m. is composed of __________ and surrounds the urethra.

voluntary skeletal muscle

The female internal urethral sphincter surrounds the bladder neck and the proximal urethra and is composed of _________________.

smooth muscle

The female urethra is _______ and highly __________, making it easier to catheterize than a male urethra. This allows greater opportunity for bacteria to enter the bladder.

short, distensible

What is the function of the bony pelvis?

Transfer weight of the upper body from the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton, support standing and walking, withstand compression, house/protect pelvic viscera

What is the most anterior aspect of the sacrum?

Promontory

Pubic symphysis

Anterior aspect of the pelvis

Sacroiliac joint

Posterior aspect of the pelvis

What are the 3 separate bones that fuse together in the acetabulum by the mid-teens and form os coxa?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

What are some characteristics of the male pelvis?

Thicker bones, deeper, smaller pelvic inlet and outlet, narrow pubic arch (acute angle), larger acetabulum, ala less flared, and sacrum more curved

What are some characteristics of the female pelvis?

Thinner bones, wider and shallower, larger pelvic inlet and outlet, wider pubic arch (obtuse angle), smaller acetabulum, ala more flared, sacrum less curved

All of the differences between the male and female differences aid females in ______________.

childbirth