Chapters 5-22 Terms

Cumulative

Absorption

the passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

achlorhydria

absence of acid in the stomach

Amylase and lipase

digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas.

anabolism

the process of building up proteins in a cell (protein synthesis)

anastomosis

new surgical connection between structures or organs; new connection between two previously unconnected tubes

anorexia

lack of appetite

Anus

end of the digestive tract opening to the outside of the body

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

biliary

pertaining to bile ducts

Bilirubin

pigment released with bile

borborygmi

(bowel sounds) rumbling noises produced by gas in the gastrointestinal tract

Canine

pointed, dog-like tooth medial to premolars

Cecum

first part of the large intestine

cheilitis

inflammation of the lip

Chol/e, bil/i

(Combining forms) gall, bile

cholecystectomy

removal of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecystolithiasis

(gallstones) calculus in the sac that stores bile

choledochojejunostomy

new opening between the common bile duct and the jejunum

choledochotomy

incision of the common bile duct

cirrhosis

chronic degenerative liver disease with scarring resulting from alcoholism or infectious hepatitis

colitis

inflammation of the large intestine

Colon

consists of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid sections

colorectal surgeon

operates on the intestinal tract

colostomy

new opening from the colon to the outside of the body

constipation

difficulty in passing stools (feces)

defecation

expulsion of feces from the body through the anus

Deglutition

swallowing

Dent/i, odont/o

(Combining forms) tooth

dentibuccal

pertaining to teeth and cheek

Dentin

the hard part of the tooth directly under the enamel and in the root

diarrhea

loose, watery stools

diverticulosis

Condition where you have small pouches, or sacs, that bulge outward through weak spots in your colon

Duodenum

first part of the small intestine

dysentery

painful, inflamed intestines caused by bacterial infection

dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

Emulsification

breakdown of large fat globules

enamel

the hard, outermost part of the tooth composing the crown.

endodontist

performs root canal therapy

enterocolitis

inflammation of the small and large intestines

enteropathy

disease condition of the small intestine

Enzyme

chemical that speeds up reactions and helps digest foods

Eructation

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

esophageal varices

swollen, varicose veins on the surface of the distal portion of the esophagus

esophagitis

inflammation of the passageway from the throat to the stomach

Esophagus

tube connecting the throat to the stomach

etiology

study of the cause (of disease)

Facial

pertaining to the face

flatus

gas expelled through the anus

gallbladder

small sac under the liver; stores bile

gastroenterologist

diagnoses and treats gastrointestinal disorders

gastroesophageal reflux

return of solids and fluids to the mouth from the stomach

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

Gloss/o, lingu/o

(Combining forms) tongue

Gluc/o, glyc/o

(Combining forms) sugar

gluconeogenesis

process of forming new sugar from proteins and fats

Glycogen

animal starch that is produced in liver cells from sugar

glycogenolysis

breakdown (conversion) of starch to sugar

hematochezia

passage of bright red blood from the rectum

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted veins in the rectal region

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

hepatomegaly

enlargement of the liver

hiatal hernia

protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm

hyperbilirubinemia

high levels of a bile pigment in the bloodstream (jaundice)

hyperglycemia

high level of blood sugar

-iasis, -osis

(Suffixes) abnormal condition

ileitis

inflammation of the third part of the small intestine

Ileum

third part of the small intestine

ileus

loss of peristalsis (wave-like muscle contractions that move substances through tubular organs, like the digestive tract); the medical term for this lack of movement somewhere in the intestines that leads to a buildup and potential blockage of food material; comes from the Ancient Greek word "eileós," which means "intestinal obstruction".

incisor

one of the four front teeth in the dental arch (not pointed or like a dog's tooth)

Insulin

hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas

intussusception

serious condition in which part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part of the intestine. This telescoping action often blocks food or fluid from passing through and also cuts off the blood supply to the part of the intestine that's affected. This can lead to infection, death of bowel tissue or a tear in the bowel, called perforation.

irritable bowel syndrome

gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, bloating) with no evidence of structural abnormalities

Jaundice

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues (hyperbilirubinemia)

Jejunum

second part of the small intestine

Labi/o, cheil/o

(Combining forms) lip

Lapar/o, celi/o

(Combining forms) abdomen

Adip/o, Lip/o, steat/o

(3 combining forms) fat

Lithogenesis

formation of stones

Liver

large organ in the RUQ; secretes bile, stores sugar, produces blood proteins

lower esophageal sphincter

a ring of muscle between the esophagus and stomach

mastication

chewing

melena

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

mesentery

membrane (peritoneal fold) that holds the intestines together; fan-like membrane that connects the small intestine to the abdominal wall

molar

any of three large teeth just behind (distal to) the two premolar teeth

mucosa

mucous membrane

nausea

an unpleasant sensation in the stomach and a tendency to vomit

nephrologist

treats kidney disorders

Or/o, stomat/o

(Combining forms) mouth

oral surgeon

operates on the mouth and teeth

orthodontist

straightens teeth

palatoplasty

surgical repair of the roof of the mouth

pancreas

organ under the stomach that produces insulin and digestive enzymes

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

Papillae

nipple-like projections in the tongue where taste buds are located

parenteral

pertaining to administration of medicines and fluid other than by mouth

Parotid

salivary gland near the ear

peptic ulcer

open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

perianal

pertaining to surrounding the anus