Diseases PA20319

What is Pharyngitis and tonsillitis caused by?

Virus, Bacterial Streptococcus pyogenes

Symptoms of Pharyngitis and tonsillitis?

Inflamed tonsils, Difficulty Swallowing, Fever, headache

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis Complications?

Tonsillar abscesses, otitis media, sinusitis, bacteraemia, Scarlet fever, Autoimmune effect, iGAS

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis Spread via?

Opportunistic Pathogen/Spread by Respiratory droplets

Acute otitis media symptoms?

pain in ear, hearing loss, Dizziness (balance),fever, vomiting, diarrhoea

Acute otitis media caused by?

Virus, Streptococcus, pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

What does Chronic otitis media lead to?

Recurrent infections, Glue ear

Conjunctivitis causes?

Bacterial, Viral, Allergic, Reactive, STI associated

Conjunctivitis Symptoms?

Redness of eye, Increased amount of tears, thick yellow discharge, Green or white discharge, burning or itchy eyes, Blurred vision, photosensitivity

Conjunctivitis Bacteria?

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus

Conjunctivitis Treatment?

Topical chloramphenicol

STI associated Conjunctivitis caused by?

Neisseria gonorrhoea, *Chlamydia trachomatis*

How many stages does Trachoma have?

5

How is Trachoma spread?

Contact, flies

What is acute bronchitis?

Inflammation of trachea and bronchi

Acute bronchitis caused by?

95% viral, Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Acute bronchitis symptoms?

Non productive cough, shortness of breath, fever, chest pains (10-11 days)

Acute bronchitis complications?

Secondary infection from the bacteria

What can Chronic Bronchitis be caused by

Smoking and irritants

Chronic Bronchitis symptoms?

persistent cough for more than 3 months, excessive mucous secretion, associated COPD

Pneumonia

Inflammation of alveoli

Bacteria that can cause pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae

Pneumonia Symptoms

fever, cough (productive), shortness of  breath, difficulty / pain on breathing

Tuberculosis causes?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis symptoms?

Persistent productive cough (> 3 weeks), Blood in sputum, Chest pain, shortness of breath, Loss of appetite / weight loss, Fever (night), fatigue

How to diagnosis Tuberculosis?

**Latent form** Medical history, chest X-ray,

**Active form** PCR, sputum smear

Lower UTI causes?

E.coli

Lower UTI symptoms?

Difficulty in passing urine (dysuria), asymptomatic in elderly or catheterised patients, (difficult to diagnose), Urine may be cloudy

Upper UTI caused by?

*E. coli ,* pyelonephritis

Upper UTI symptoms?

fewer UTI symptoms, fever, haematuria (blood in the urine)

Descending UTI causes?

Infection from blood i.e. Staphylococci

Bacteria that causes STIs?

*Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum*

*Chlamydia trachomatis/ Neisseria gonorrhoeae women symptoms?*

Pelvic pain, discharge → PID, infertility

*Chlamydia trachomatis/ Neisseria gonorrhoeae men symptoms?*

inflammation of epididymis, prostate, urethra. Infertility

*Chlamydia trachomatis complications?*

* **Adult:**           sterility, kidney disease, trachoma
* **Baby:**            premature birth, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal conjunctivitis (trachoma), pneumonia

*Chlamydia trachomatis diagnosis?*

from urine or swab kits from the pharmacy

*Neisseria gonorrhoeae complications?*

**Adults:** sterility, systemic infection

**Baby:** neonatal conjunctivitis →blindness

*Neisseria gonorrhoeae diagnosis?*

Kits available- swab from cervix or urethra → detect bacteria-specific antibodies

*Neisseria gonorrhoeae treatment?*

Used to be penicillin now high levels of resistance,

* Ceftriaxone 1g IM or
* Ciprofloxacin 50mmg stat

What are abscesses caused by?

Streptococcus mutans

Abscess Treatment?

Oral antibiotics, Drainage, Tooth removal

What is Peridontal disease caused by?

*Bacteroides, Actinomyces*

What is Peridontal disease?

Affects the tissue supporting the teeth, major cause of tooth loss

Peridontal disease treatment?

increase dental hygiene

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli caused by?

Bacteria latching themselves to epithelial cells of LI producing toxins that makes cells produce excess fluid

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli symptoms?

Blood in diarrhoea, 6-8 days with painful abdominal cramps

What can Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli cause

Haemolytic Uraemic syndrome → causes destruction of red blood cells and kidney disease

How does Enterotoxigenic E.coli cause disease?

Produce power plasma dissociated enterotoxins which act on the small intestine

What is one of the main causes of travellers diarrhoea

Enterotoxigenic E.coli

Treatment for Both Enterotoxigenic, Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli?

Fluid replacement

Salmonella enterica causes disease by?

Bacteria invading epithelial cells in terminal portion of the SI inducing inflammatory response

What symptoms does Salmonella enterica cause?

Self limiting diarrhoea

Typhoid fever symptoms ?

Non specific flu like, fever, malaise

What is the most common cause of diarrhoea in the country

Campylobacter

Treatment for Campylobacter diarrhoea?

Rehydration, Antibiotics

Bacteria that causes food poisoning?

Campylobacter *jejuni*, *Salmonella enterica* E.*coli*, *Clostridium, botulinum, Bacillus cereus,* S. *aureus*

What is antibiotic related diarrhoea caused by?

A disruption of the gut flora and overgrowth by ***Candida albicans,*** overgrowth by ***Clostridium difficile***

What an Meningitis be caused by?

Virus, *Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza (Type B)*

Meningitis method of action?

Bacteria naturally found at back of nose and throat moves elsewhere

Meningitis symptoms?

Severe headache, fever, aching muscles and joints, drowsiness, neck stiffness, rash (late stage; sign of sepsis)

Meningitis Treatment?

benzylpenicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone → IV

Meningitis Vaccine

***HiB*** **vaccine Men C vaccine ACWY-135 vaccine Pneumococcal vaccines**

Infection of the epidermis

impetigo

Infections in and around hair follicles

boils, folliculitis

Infections in dermis

erysipelas

Infections in underlying connective tissue?

Cellulitis

Boils and folliculitis Treatment?

Heat, Drain pus, Oral Antibiotics if severe

Impetigo Treatment?

Antibiotics topical or oral if widespread

Cellulitis Treatment?

Antibiotics Oral or IV if severe

Lyme disease caused by?

Tick carrying bacteria, initial infection in the dermis

Lyme disease symptoms?

Red rash and then systemic flu like symptoms

Lyme disease treatment?

Antibiotics

Lyme disease complications?

arthritis, muscle weakness, heart damage

What are the two types of gangrene?

wet and dry

What causes wet gangrene?

Impaired blood supply and bacterial infection S. *aureus; S. pyogenes*

What causes dry gangrene?

Impaired blood supply

Wet gangrene treatment?

Antibiotics, surgery

Symptoms of Osteomyelitis?

Pain, fever, pus in blood vessels in bone, dead areas

What causes Osteomyelitis?

S. aureus especially MRSA

What causes Septic arthritis?

Local infections i.e. cellulitis

Septic arthritis symptoms?

Pain, swelling, redness, fever

Septic arthritis treatment?

4-6 weeks antibiotics IV, Removal of damaged bone, drain joints

Endocarditis caused by?

Biofilm in inner layers of the heart via Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterococci

Endocarditis symptoms?

Temperature, heart murmur

How is Endocarditis diagnosed?

electrocardiography as blood cultures often negative

Endocarditis treatment?

Penicillin and aminoglycoside 4-6 weeks IV

What is Sepsis?

Immune response to serve bacterial bloodstream infection

Sepsis Symptoms?

High temp, Shortness of breadth, Rapid heart rate, Extreme pain or discomfort

What is Septic Shock?

Systemic inflammation damages tissue and interferes

With blood flow → multiple organ failure

Treatment Sepsis?

Long term antibiotic therapy