AP WORLD MASTER FLASHCARDS (ALL UNITS)

Silk Road - 1200-1450

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 4,000 mi. Linked China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed this route

steppe diplomacy - 1200-145-

institution that the Mongols employed to all empires under its control. Paying tribute was one aspect of it

Khan - 1200-1450

A Mongol ruler

Genghis Khan - 1200-1450

Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.

Mongol Peace - 1200-1450

The period from about 1250 to 1350 in which the Mongols ensured the safety of Eurasian trade and travel

Black Death - 1200-1450

the epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe

Mongol Empire - 1200-1450

an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, became the largest land empire in history

Tran-Saharan Trade - 1200-1450

was located in west Africa and North Africa. Commodities such as salt, gold, textile, and spices were exchange. Camels were the essential transport since they were able to tolerated the dessert environment. It also showed how Islam from the north slowly arrived in West Africa.

Camel Caravans - 1200-1450

Allowed long distance across the desert, known as "fleets of the desert"

Which religions spread through trade? - 1200-1450

Buddhism spread to East Asia, Hinduism & Buddhism spread to Southeast Asia, Islam spread to Africa, India and Asia.

Environmental Changes through Trade - 1200-1450

Spread of: crops (ex: bananas in Africa & new rice varieties in East Asia, citrus in the Med. Sea), disease (Black Death)

Scholar-Gentry - 1200-1450

Chinese class of well-educated men from whom bureaucrats were chosen.

Meritocracy - 1200-1450

A system in which promotion is based on individual ability and achievement.

Filial Piety - 1200-1450

Respect for parents and elders.

Japanese Feudalism - 1200-1450

System in which land is given to Daimyo and Samurai in exchange for military service and protection.

Civil Service Exam - 1200-1450

A test given to qualify candidates for positions in the government, based on Confucian principles.

Sinification - 1200-1450

Assimilation to Chinese traditions and practices.

5 Pillars of Faith - 1200-1450

Things all Muslims must do: Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Hajj.

Sunni & Shia - 1200-1450

Split in Islam; Sunni are those who follow a rightly guided person, Shia are those who believe leadership should be a blood relative of Muhammad.

Dar-al Islam - 1200-1450

House of Islam; those who belong to the Islamic fold.

Shariah Law - 1200-1450

Islamic law governing moral conduct.

Delhi Sultanate - 1200-1450

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520.

Jizya Tax - 1200-1450

Tax on non-Muslims.

Diasporic Community - 1200-1450

Immigrants who retain their distinct cultural identities in their new host countries.

Angkor Wat - 1200-1450

A temple complex built in the Khmer Empire, dedicated to the Hindu God, Vishnu.

Mississippian Culture - 1200-1450

The last of the mound-building cultures in North America; flourished between 800 and 1300 CE.

Toltec - 1200-1450

Nomadic peoples from Mesoamerica known for a strongly militaristic ethic.

Chinampas - 1200-1450

Floating gardens used in agricultural practices.

Terraced farming - 1200-1450

Agricultural practice that does not use the wheel or animal power.

Agricultural Revolution - 1200-1450

The shift from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E.

Mansa Musa - 1200-1450

Emperor of Mali known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and immense wealth.

Ibn Battuta - 1200-1450

Moroccan Muslim scholar famous for his extensive travels and documentation of the Islamic world.

Griot - 1200-1450

An African storyteller who passes on history orally.

Swahili - 1200-1450

A blending of Arabic and Bantu languages.

Great Schism - 1200-1450

The official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054.

Magna Carta - 1200-1450

(1215) A charter of liberties that limited the power of the king in England.

100 Years War - 1200-1450

Conflict between England and France resulting in increased national pride and the spread of gunpowder.

Reconquista - 1200-1450

The effort by Christian leaders to drive Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Crusades - 1200-1450

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims lasting 200 years.

Renaissance - 1200-1450

A revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome, beginning in Italy.

Manchu/Qing - 1450-1750

The last imperial dynasty of China. Ruled from 1644 until 1911. The Manchu imposed their will on the Qing

Mughals- 1450-1750

Muslim rulers over India, combined Hindu and Muslim, brought India to the peak of its political empire, had a single government with a common culture

Ottomans- 1450-1750

Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks, Sunni Muslim, largest Muslim empire in history

Safavids- 1450-1750

A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.

Gunpowder Empires- 1450-1750

Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal Empires, used gunpowder in warfare fist

Gutenberg Printing Press- 1450-1750

used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation

Ghazi- 1450-1750

Warriors for Islam, began by Tamerlane, adopted by Muslim empires

Ways to Administer Empire- 1450-1750

1. Bureaucracy/Military (ex: Ottoman devshirme, salaried samurai)

2. Religion (ex: European notion of divine right, Songhai promotion of Islam)

3. Art (ex: Qing imperial portraits, Incan sun temple, Mughal mosques)

4. Tax (ex: Mughal zamindar tax collection, Ottoman tax farming)

Devsirme System- 1450-1750

Ottomans enslaved young Christian boys from Southeastern Europe and converted them to Islam, worked for the Ottoman government

Mughal zamindar tax collection- 1450-1750

a local official in Mughal India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

Divine Right- 1450-1750

Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from god (popular in European monarchies)

Absolutism- 1450-1750

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Peter the Great & The Romanov Dynasty- 1450-1750

Tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army. His family ruled for 300 years & were the last czars of Russia

Protestant Reformation- 1450-1750

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Catholic Reformation or Counter-Revolution- 1450-1750

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)

Sunni vs Shia- 1450-1750

Muhammad left no successor/Sunni = rightly guided person (Ottomans, Mughals)/Shi'a = blood relative of Muhammad (Shia) / Still split today!

Sikhism- 1450-1750

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Martin Luther- 1450-1750

German monk, complaints against indulgences & simony, nailed his complaints to the Church door (95 Theses)

Calvinism- 1450-1750

A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.

Anglicanism- 1450-1750

A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England when he wasn't allowed by the Pope to divorce

Council of Trent- 1450-1750

Meeting to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Peace of Augsburg- 1450-1750

1555 agreement after the 30 Years War declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Scientific Revolution- 1450-1750

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

30 Years War- 1450-1750

War between Catholics and Protestants; 10 million died, ended with the Peace of Westphalia

Maritime Empires- 1450-1750

Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France, Holland (Dutch)

Christopher Columbus- 1450-1750

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Portuguese Explorers- 1450-1750

Prince Henry the Navigator (monarch that sponsored sailing expeditions), Bartholomeu Dias (sailed around Africa), Vasco a Gama (around African to India)

Mercantilism- 1450-1750

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Capitalism- 1450-1750

An economic system based on private property and free enterprise.

Trading Post Empire- 1450-1750

16th Century. Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.

Ferdinand Magellan- 1450-1750

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Spanish Galleons- 1450-1750

large three masted boats made by Spanish carrying gold and treasures

Northwest passage- 1450-1750

a water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America

Jamestown- 1450-1750

English 1st successful settlement in Virginia

Columbian Exchange- 1450-1750

The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans

Sugar- 1450-1750

cash crop that thrived in the new world, became quickly desired --> increase of slaves to the new world

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade- 1450-1750

A trading system in which goods and humans moved between the colonies, Africa and England. Provided labor on colonial plantations

African Diaspora & Impact- 1450-1750

Dispersion of Africans out of Africa. Spread language (creole), music (jazz, blues, reggae), and food (gumbo)

Indentured Servants- 1450-1750

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

Chattel Slavery- 1450-1750

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

Zheng He- 1450-1750

Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia

Treaty of Tordesillas- 1450-1750

Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas

Encomienda System- 1450-1750

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.

Hacienda System- 1450-1750

similar to the feudal system, Natives got money and had to buy their products from their owners

Middle Passage- 1450-1750

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Joint-Stock Companies- 1450-1750

a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.

Triangular Trade- 1450-1750

A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa

Monopolies- 1450-1750

Companies that control all production of a good or service.

Syncretism- 1450-1750

Combining of different beliefs and practices

Creoles- 1450-1750

Spaniards born in Latin America

Enlightenment - 1750-1900

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Nationalism- 1750-1900

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, led to many revolutions

Thomas Hobbes- 1750-1900

English philosopher, advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings

John Locke- 1750-1900

 English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" (government & people have a contract); also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Philosophes- 1750-1900

A group of French "radicals" who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society

Montesquieu- 1750-1900

Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers

Jean-Jacques Rousseau- 1750-1900

"Social Contract" he explained an ideal society where each community member would vote on issues and majority would become one law.

Adam Smith & Laissez-Faire- 1750-1900

Refers to the economic theory of letting owners in industry or business set working conditions without government interference

Deism- 1750-1900

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Socialism- 1750-1900

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.