pr 3 finals

continuous

variable that can take on any value within a certain range

control

variable that is used to manipulate the conditions in an experiment

confounding

variable that can influence the rs of iv and dv variable and may lead to incorrect conclusion

independent

the cause

independent

the things that researchers change or manipulate

dependent

the effect

dependent

the outcome that the researchers measure

dependent

the variables that the researchers are interested in understanding or explaining based on the manipulation

exogenous

factors that are outside the main process but can have an influence on the outcome

situational

specific conditions or circumstances under which the research is conducted, can influence the outcome

confounding

not the main focus but could influence the relationship between iv and dv

categorical

represents different categories or groups, does not have any numerical data and used to group data into distinct classes

latent

cannot be directly observed or measured

manifest

directly observed and measured

covariate

type of manifest, control for potential influences on relationship between the variables

background of the study

helps researchers gain insights into previous studies, theories, and gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed

background of the study

can identify the current state of knowledge and help determine how their study can contribute to the field.

background of the study

provides a solid foundation and rationale for the study

bos step 1

Conduct a thorough literature review to identify relevant studies

bos step 2

Analyze the existing literature to understand the current knowledge gaps.

bos step 3

Determine the significance of the problem and its relevance to the field

bos step 4

Clearly articulate the need for further research

statement of the problem

sets the foundation for the research study

statement of the problem

It establishes the focus, purpose, and relevance of the research and guides the subsequent steps in the research process

statement of the problem

helps researchers stay on track and ensures the study remains coherent and objective

sop step 1

Clearly state the problem being investigated

sop step 2

Provide a concise background and context for the problem

sop step 3

Highlight the significance and relevance of the problem

sop step 4

Narrow down the problem to a specific and manageable scope

research question

guide the study and help in collecting relevant data to address the problem under investigation

research question

typically structured to be specific, measurable, and achievable within the scope of the study

descriptive

Paints a picture of the respondents and the variables/factors in the investigation

causal

Establishes the cause-and-effect relationship between the variables

correlational

Establishes if there are relationships between the variable and the nature of those relationships

rq step 1

Any statement of the problem must contain a DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH QUESTION (DRQ).

rq step 2

A research can have SEVERAL DRQ’s

rq step 3

Any statement of the problem must also have a CAUSAL RESEARCH QUESTION (CRQ)

rq step 4

if the research idea calls for it, a CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH QUESTION (CoRQ).

scope and delimitation

essential to establish the boundaries and limitations of the research

scope and delimitation

helps researchers narrow down their focus and ensures the study remains manageable and feasible within the available resources and timeframe

sd step 1

Write your title and identify your variables

sd step 2

Start with the Independent and Dependent Variables then choose 3 Extraneous Variables

sd step 3

Identify and characterize the variables in your research title.

sd step 4

Arrange the “inclusions” as one paragraph

sd step 5

Arrange the “exclusions” as another paragraph.

significance of the study

helps researchers understand the practical implications of their research and its potential impact on society, policy, or practice.

ss step 1

Identify the individuals, organizations, or communities that may benefit from the research finding

ss step 2

Determine the direct and indirect benefits of the research findings to each beneficiary

ss step 3

Write the first paragraph of the with the indirect benefits of the research findings. Then followed by a linker to the next paragraph which specify the direct benefits of the research findings to each beneficiary.

direct

immediate and specific contributions

indirect

broader and longer term impacts

Theoretical Framework

single formal theory that serves as the primary means to understand and investigate the research problem

Theoretical Framework

guide the development, collection, and analysis of research

Theoretical Framework

Theories are established and validated by experiments and evidence

Identify key concepts

Identify the main concepts or variables that your research will focus on

Evaluate and explain relevant theories

Review existing theories and models that are relevant to your research topic. Explain how they relate to your research and how they will be used to support your arguments.

Show how your research fits into the existing literature

Demonstrate how your research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on your topic

Develop propositions

Develop testable propositions that describe the relationships between the concepts in your theoretical framework

mediating

explains the process through which two variables are related

moderating

affects the strength and direction of that relationship

mediator

a way in which an independent variable impacts a dependent variable. It’s part of the causal pathway of an effect, and it tells you how or why an effect takes place

moderator

influences the level, direction, or presence of a relationship between variables. It shows you for whom, when, or under what circumstances a relationship will hold

moderator

it can be a Categorical variable and quantitative variable

Conceptual Framework

h includes one or more formal theories, as well as other concepts and empirical findings from the literature.

Conceptual Framework

used to show relationships among these ideas and how they relate to the research study

Select a Topic

Choose a research topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study

Create a Research Question

Formulate a clear and specific research question that your study aims to answer

Review the Available Literature

Conduct a thorough review of existing literature related to your research topic to understand the current state of knowledge in the field

Identify the Variables

Determine the key variables that will be the focus of your study. These variables can be independent, dependent, or control variables

Outline the Relationships

Define the relationships between the identified variables. This step involves understanding how the variables are connected and influence each other within the context of your research

Create the Mode

Develop a visual diagram or model that summarizes the concepts of your study using the IPO model. This model should represent the input, process, and output of your research

ipo

model is commonly used in illustrating the conceptual framework of research